BANCROFT 

LIBRARY 

<• 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


1 


THE 


PROGRESS   AND    CONDITION 


THE 


-, 


PEEPAEED  AT  THE  BEQUEST  OF  THE  EEGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVEESITY, 

BY  DANIEL  C.  GILMAN,  PRESIDENT. 


B  E  K  K  K  I.  E  Y  : 

1875. 


STATEMENT 


\ 

OF  THE 


PROGRESS  AND  CONDITION 


OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


PREPAKED  BY  REQUEST  OF  THE  REGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY, 

BY  DANIEL  C.^GILMAN,   PRESIDENT.     \^*2>i  - 


BERKELEY: 

1875. 


Bancroft  libniy 


STATEMENT. 


BERKELEY  (NEAR  OAKLAND),  March  23d,  1875. 

To  THE  BOARD  OF  REGENTS,  UNIVERSITY  or  CALIFORNIA  : 

GENTLEMEN — In  resigning  the  office  of  President  of 
the  University  of  California,  I  beg  leave  to  submit  a  state 
ment  of  the  progress  of  the  University  during  my  connection 
with  it. 

1.  The  personal  changes  which  have  occurred  during  the 
past  two  years  and  a  half  are  numerous. 

My  revered  predecessor,  Dr.  Henry  Durant,  after  a  long 
life  devoted  to  the  public  service,  was  removed  by  death 
January  22d,  1875.  The  tributes  which  have  been  paid  to 
his  character  are  already  so  ample,  that  here  it  is  only  neces 
sary  to  place  on  record  our  grateful  appreciation  of  his  wis 
dom,  his  devotion,  and  his  success  in  keeping  alive  the  idea 
of  a  university  in  California,  and  in  laboring  for  its  founda 
tion  with  untiring  industry.  It  is  a  cause  of  regret  that  he 
has  left  behind  him  so  little,  in  print  or  in  manuscript,  which 
will  explain  to  those  who  come  after  him  the  peculiar  diffi 
culties  and  trials  which  he  encountered.  Some  anecdotes 
noted  down  by  a  short-hand  writer  one  evening  at  the  request 
of  a  friend,  as  Dr.  Durant  related  them,  have  been  preserved 
in  illustration  of  his  experience,  and  his  associates  have  told 
in  various  ways  the  story  of  his  life ;  but  his  fame  will  de 
pend  on  the  place  he  has  won  in  the  roll  of  those  who  helped 
to  found  the  institutions  of  California. 

2.  Hon.  Edward  Tompkins,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Re 
gents  and  State  Senator  from  Alameda  County,  died  Novem- 


6  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

ber  14th,  1872. ,  He  had  been  one  of  the  most  constant  and 
efficient  friends  of  the  University,  from  the  time  of  its  or 
ganization,  and  the  Kegents  placed  on  their  records  soon 
after  his  death  a  full  expression  of  their  respect  and  grati 
tude.  Kev.  Dr.  Stebbins  presented  the  following  minute, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  Board : 

"  The  Board  of  Regents  hereby  place  on  record  their  high  appreciation  of 
the  services  and  character  of  their  late  associate,  the  Honorable  Edward 
Tompkins,  who,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  a  State  Senator  for  Alameda 
County,  and  an  elected  member  of  this  Board. 

"  He  was  a  native  of  Oneida  County,  New  York;  a  graduate  of  Union 
College  ;  a  successful  member  of  the  bar,  first  in  his  native  State  and  then  in 
California  ;  a  student  of  literary  and  philosophical  subjects  ;  an  earnest  advo 
cate  of  the  higher  education,  and  the  generous  promoter  of  all  good  undertak 
ings  in  the  community  where  he  dwelt. 

"  He  became  a  member  of  this  Board  in  1868,  and  served  on  the  Committee 
on  Instruction.  His  residence  in  Oakland  and  the  comparative  leisure  of  his 
late  days  enabled  him  to  devote  much  time  and  thought  to  the  internal  affairs 
of  the  University,  and  to  present  its  claims  with  an  intelligent  appreciation  of 
details  whenever  there  was  occasion.  Although  suffering  with  an  illness 
which  proved  to  be  mortal,  he  came  from  a  sick  bed  to  preside  and  speak  at 
the  inauguration  of  the  President  of  the  University  on  the  7th  of  November 
last,  and  on  the  14th  of  November,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven  years,  laid  down 
his  life  in  the  hope  of  the  life  to  come. 

"As  the  Public  Orator  of  the  University  in  many  academic  assemblies,  as 
the  Counselor  on  whom  the  Academic  Senate  and  the  Board  of  Kegents 
were  accustomed  to  rely,  as  the  Legislator  by  whose  persistent  advocacy  a 
building  fund  was  secured,  and  as  a  benefactor  by  whose  munificence  a  pro 
fessorship  has  been  founded  for  instruction  in  Chinese  and  Japanese,  he  will 
through  all  time  be  gratefully  remembered  in  the  annals  of  this  University, 
while  his  virtuous  private  life  and  his  devotion  to  the  public  good  deserve  the 
tribute  of  affectionate  respect  from  all  who  were  associated  with  him." 

3.  The  presidency  of  the  Board  of  Kegents,  which  devolves 
by  law  upon  the  Governor  of  the  State,  was  transferred  in 
February,  1875,  from  Hon.  Newton  Booth  (then  U.  S.  Sena 
tor-elect),  to  Hon.  Komualdo  Pacheco  (then  Lieutenant-gov 
ernor). 

The  office  of  Secretary,  held  by  Mr.  Andrew  J.  Moul 
der  from  an  early  period  in  the  life  of  the  University, 
was  given  up  by  him  in  January,  1874.  Its  duties  were 
temporarily  discharged  by  Mr.  J.  West  Martin,  one  of  the 
Board  of  Kegents,  until  April,  1874,  when  Mr.  K.  E.  C. 
Stearns  was  appointed  to  the  place.  The  duties  of  this  office 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  7 

are  exceedingly  complex  and  difficult,  and  the  University  has 
been  fortunate  in  having  such  incumbents  of  the  post.  Their 
devotion  to  the  public  welfare,  their  versatility,  and  their 
integrity  have  contributed  largely  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
institution. 

The  office  of  Land  Agent  was  vacated  by  the  death  of  the 
incumbent  in  1874,  and  its  duties  were  temporarily  assigned 
to  the  Secretary,  but  there  were  serious  difficulties  in  this 
arrangement,  and  it  was  given  up.  Mr.  J.  W.  Shanklin  was 
subsequently  appointed  Land  Agent. 

4.  Among  all  the  administrative  offices  of  the  Board,  but  one 
has  remained  unchanged :  that  of  the  Treasurer.     The  office 
has  been  filled  from  the  beginning  by  W.  C.  Ealston,  Esq., 
and  to  his  energy  and  liberality  the  University  is  indebted 
for  its  good  credit,  and  for  the  promptness  with  which  its 
obligations  are  paid.     Those  who  are  familiar  with  new  in 
stitutions  elsewhere,  of  uncertain  resources,  can  best  appre 
ciate  the  services  of  a  treasurer  so  able  and  so  willing. 

5.  The  changes  in  the  Board  of  Kegents  have  been  as  fol 
lows,  from  November,  1872,  to  March,  1875  : 

RESIGNATIONS,    ETC. 

EDWARD  TOMPKINS Died  Nov.  14th,  1872. 

S.  F.  BUTTERWORTH Resigned. 

RICHARD  P.  HAMMOND Resigned. 

CHARLES  F.  REED Term  expired. 

T.  B.  SHANNON Term  expired. 

JOHN  W.  DWINELLE Resigned. 

SAMUEL  MERRITT Resigned. 

NEWTON  BOOTH Resigned  as  Governor. 

ACCESSIONS    TO    OFFICE: 

HENRY  H.  HAIGHT By  election  of  the  Regents. 

J.  W.  WINANS By  appointment  of  the  Governor. 

R.  S.  CAREY As  Pres.  State  Agricultural  Society. 

M.  M.  ESTEE As  Speaker  of  the  Assembly. 

D.  C.  GILMAN As  President  of  the  University. 

J.  M.  HAMILTON By  appointment  of  the  Governor. 

D.  O.  MILLS By  appointment  of  the  Governor. 

WILLIAM  MEEK By  appointment  of  the  Governor. 

WILLIAM  IRWIN As  Lieutenant-Governor. 

6.  There  have  also  been  changes  in  the  staff  of  teachers. 
The  resignation  of  Professor  Swinton,  Professor  of  English 


8  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

Literature  and  History,  was  accepted  March  3d,  1874.  He 
had  previously  requested  a  leave  of  absence,  which  had  been 
refused  by  the  Kegents.  His  resignation  was  followed  by 
the  publication  of  a  pamphlet  in  which  his  views  on  the  sub 
ject  of  agricultural  education  were  set  forth. 

The  resignation  of  Dr.  E.  S.  Carr,  Professor  of  Agricult 
ure,  was  requested  by  the  Regents  in  July,  1874,  and  when 
the  request  was  not  complied  with,  he  was  removed  from 
office  for  reasons  which  were  briefly  stated.  He  also  pub 
lished  a  pamphlet  containing  animadversions  on  the  action 
of  the  Eegents,  and  particularly  in  respect  to  their  manage 
ment  of  the  ' '  Agricultural  Department. "  His  removal  caused 
a  remonstrance  on  the  part  of  the  "Patrons  of  Husbandry," 
or  Grangers,  and  the  ' '  Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly, " 
which  was  answered  by  the  Board  of  Kegents  in  a  brief  com 
munication. 

7.  In  the  summer  of  1873,  Professor  Samuel  Jones,  Pro 
fessor  of  Military  Science,  etc.,  was  called  away  to  become 
President  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Agriculture.     His  res 
ignation  was  accepted  with  reluctance,  and  the  thanks  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  were  formally  voted  to  him  for  his  able  and 
efficient  services. 

Two  instructors  of  modern  languages,  Mr.  Julius  Gross 
man  and  Mr.  Manuel  M.  Corella,  have  also  resigned,  the  lat 
ter  having  finished  a  course  of  special  studies  in  the  Univer 
sity  and  returned  to  Mexico. 

8.  The  vacancies  thus  created  have  all  been  filled,  and  there 
have  been  other  important  additions  to  the  corps  of  instruct 
ors.     The  names  and  departments  of  instruction  of  those 
who  have  been  appointed  since  November,  1872,  are  as  fol 
lows  : 

PBOFESSOBS. 

Agriculture EUGENE  W.  HILGAED. 

Mining WILLIAM  ASHBUENEE. 

Industrial  Mechanics FEEDEEICK  Gr.  HESSE. 

English EDWABD  K.  SILL. 

Military  Science,  etc SAMUEL  JONES. 

LECTUEEES. 

Metallurgy GEOEGE  F.  BECKEE. 

Economic  Botany C.  E.  BESSET. 

Stock  Breeding WILLIAM  H.  BEEWEE. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

INSTRUCTORS. 

Industrial  Drawing JOHN  D.  HOFFMANN. 

Spanish CHARLES  F.  GOMPEETZ. 

German ALBIN  PUTZKER. 

French G.  DE  KERSAINT-GILY. 

ASSISTANTS. 

Mathematics GEORGE  C.  EDWARDS. 

Mathematics LEANDER  L.  HAWKINS. 

Classics ARTHUR  H.  ALLEN. 

Classics AMBROSE  C.  RICHARDSON. 

Chemistry F.  SLATE,  JR. 

Chemistry JOHN  D.  STILLMAN. 

Chemistry SAMUEL  B.  CHRISTY. 

Mineralogy A.  WENDELL  JACKSON. 

English JOSEPH  C.  KOWELL. 

English THOMAS  F.  BARRY. 

Mechanics EDWARD  A.  PARKER. 

OTHER  OFFICERS. 

Superintendent  of  the  Grounds E.  E.  C.  STEARNS. 

Landscape  Engineer W.  HAMMOND  HALL. 

Gardener JOHN  ELLIS. 

Curator  of  the  Mineralogical  Collections,  etc. HENRY  G.  HANKS. 

Foreman  of  the  Printing  Office A.  WHITTON. 

Student  Manager L.  A.  JORDAN. 

9.  The  Chair  of  Agriculture  has  been  filled  by  the  appoint 
ment  of  Professor  Eugene  W.  Hilgard,  Ph.  D.,  formerly  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  in  the  Univer 
sity  of  Mississippi,  and  recently  of  the  University  of  Mich 
igan.  While  in  Mississippi  he  had  charge  of  the  Geological 
and  Agricultural  Survey  of  the  State.  Mr.  Hilgard's  emi 
nence  as  a  man  of  science,  his  skill  in  applying  his  knowledge 
to  agriculture  and  other  industrial  pursuits,  and  his  long 
experience  as  a  teacher,  have  qualified  him  in  an  uncommon 
degree  to  discharge  with  satisfaction  the  difficult  duties 
devolved  upon  him.  He  is  well  known  for  the  attention 
which  he  has  given  to  the  analysis  of  soils,  and  for  the  light 
he  has  thus  thrown  upon  some  of  the  most  intricate  prob 
lems  in  agricultural  science.  He  came  to  Berkeley  in  the 
autumn  of  1874,  and  delivered  there  two  courses  of  lectures; 
one  upon  the  General  Principles  of  Agriculture  (particularly 
upon  the  chemistry  of  soils)  and  the  other  on  the  Chemistry 


10  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5. 

of  Household  Life.  The  impression  which  he  made  by  these 
lectures  was  so  good  that  he  was  unanimously  appointed  per 
manent  professor,  and  he  is  now  about  to  enter  upon  his 
duties  among  us. 

10.  The  Chair  of  Mining  has  been  filled  by  the  appoint 
ment  of  Mr.    William  Ashburner,  mining  engineer,  of  San 
Francisco,  who  will  direct  his  attention  to  the  organization 
of  the  College  of  Mines,  as  fast  as  the  funds  are  provided  for 
this  purpose.     Mr.  Ashburner,  having  received  a  technical 
and  scientific  education  in  the  East  and  in  Europe,   came 
early  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  was  for  a  time  engaged  upon 
the  Geological  Survey  of   California.      He  has  had  ample 
opportunities  for  becoming  acquainted  with  the  mining  in 
dustries  of  this  and  other  countries,  and  he  has  already  made 
his  influence  felt  for  good  upon  the  students  of  this  Univer 
sity.     In  entering  upon  his  professorship,  he  delivered  an 
introductory  lecture  on  the  Profession  of  Mining  Engineer 
ing,  which  has  been  printed. 

11.  A  Chair  of  Industrial  Mechanics  was  instituted  by  the 
Board  in  the  autumn  of  1874,  and  was  subsequently  filled  by 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Frederick  G.  Hesse,   of  Oakland. 
Mr.  Hesse  was  trained  in  a  German  polytechnic  school,  and 
was  early  engaged  as  a  teacher  in  Brown  University.     He 
subsequently  held  a  scientific  appointment  under  the  United 
States  Government,  but  has  resided  for  the  last  few  years  in 
Oakland,  engaged  in  mechanical  occupations,  especially  in 
the  invention  and  improvement  of  some  ingenious  mechan 
ical  contrivances.     It  is  rare  to  find  a  man  qualified  to  fill 
the  duties  of  a  Chair  of  Industrial  Mechanics,  both  by  his 
scientific  attainments,  and  by  practical  knowledge  acquired 
in  the  shop,  but  Mr.  Hesse  is  such  a  man.      Upon  assuming 
the  duties  of  his  post,  he  delivered  a  lecture  on  the  Pro 
fession  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  which  will  be  printed. 
He  is   now  engaged    in   devising   implements  by  which  a 
thorough  examination  may  be  made  of  the  strength  of  the 
timbers  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  to  which  reference  will  be  made 
in  a  later  portion  of  this  report. 

12.  The  professorship  of  English  was  filled  by  the  ap- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  11 

pointment  of  Mr.  Edward  E.  Sill,  a  graduate  of  Yale  College, 
who  has  been  engaged  in  teaching  in  California  for  several 
years,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  his  literary  attainments, 
for  his  enthusiasm  in  the  study  of  language,  and  for  his  de 
votion  to  the  work  of  a  teacher.  His  introductory  lecture  on 
the  subject  of  the  Study  of  English  was  printed  in  the 
Berkeley  an. 

13.  The  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  withdrawal  of  Professor 
Jones  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  two  graduates  of  the 
University  to  be  assistants  in  mathematics — Mr.  George  C. 
Edwards  and  Mr.  Leander  L.  Hawkins — and  they  have  dur 
ing  the  last  two  years  discharged  this  service  with  great  fidel 
ity.     Mr.  Edwards  has  had  the  command  of  the  battalion 
in  addition  to  his  duties   as  mathematical  instructor,  and 
Mr.  Hawkins  has  had  the  chief  direction  of  the  classes  in 
surveying. 

14.  Mr.  John  D.  Hoffmann  was  appointed  in  the  autumn 
of  1874  instructor  of  Industrial  Drawing.      He  is  an  ex 
perienced  engineer    and  draughtsman,  who  was  trained  in 
Germany,  has  had  long  experience  in  the  construction  of 
public  works,  especially  in  the  service  of  the  U.  S.  Govern 
ment,  and  he  is  in  all  respects  qualified  to  impart  an  exact 
knowledge  of  this  most  important  art. 

15.  Mr.  Albin  Putzker  entered  upon  his  duties  as  special 
instructor  in  German,  in  the  spring  of  1874,  and  has   suc 
ceeded  in  a  remarkable  degree  in  awakening  a  love  of  the 
study  of  that  language  among  all  classes  of  students.     He 
was  previously  head  of  the  Santa  Barbara  College. 

16.  The  large  number  of  scholars  pursuing  the  study  of 
French,   under  Professor  Pioda,  made  it  indispensable  to 
provide  an  additional   instructor  in  that  department,   and 
Mr.  G.  de  Kersaint-Gily  has  accordingly  been  appointed. 
The  place  occupied  by  Mr.  Corella  as  instructor  in  Spanish 
has  been  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Charles  D.  Gom- 
pertz,  who  also  devotes  much  attention  to  the  Library. 

17.  Mr.  Arthur  H.  Allen,  graduate  of  Yale  College,  who  was 
employed  for  a  single  year  as  instructor  in  the  College  of 
Letters,  discharged  these  duties  with  skill  and  success  until 


12  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

he  was  released  from  service  at  his  own  request.  The  place 
he  had  held  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Bich- 
ardson,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  distinguished  for  his 
knowledge  of  the  classics,  who  still  continues  to  give  instruc 
tion. 

18.  In  the  summer  of  1874,  the  Eegents  determined  to  ap 
point  as  assistant  instructors  several  young  men  who  had  re 
cently  graduated.    The  amount  of  their  compensation  was  not 
to  be  large  ($600  per  year),  and  it  was  not  supposed  that  their 
duties  would  be  responsible  or  onerous.     But  it  was  thought 
that  they  would  be  led  to  prosecute  advanced  studies  under 
the  direction  of  the  Faculty,  and  would  thus  become  better 
fitted  for  the  duties  of  life.      This  plan,   which  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  the  establishment  of  graduate  scholarships,  has 
worked  well.     Two  of  this  company  of  young  men  have  been 
granted  leave  of  absence  without  pay  for  one  year,  to  pursue 
their  studies  in   Germany ;  four  others  are   to   remain    a 
second  year  ;   the  seventh  begins  a  professional  course  of 
study  in  law.    The  names  of  these  seven  graduate  students 
are  as  follows:    T.  F.  Barry,  S.  B.  Christy,  A.  W.  Jackson, 
E.  A.  Parker,  J.  C.  Kowell,  F.  Slate,  J.  M.  Stillman. 

19.  Professor  George  Davidson,  a  non-resident  professor, 
who  began  to  give  instruction  in  Geodesy  and  the  use  of  as 
tronomical   instruments  in   the   winter  of   1873,  was  inter 
rupted  in  this  work  by  being  called  upon  to  engage  in  the 
observations  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  in  Japan. 

20.  Hon.  S.  J.  Field,  non-resident  Professor  of  Law,  pro 
poses  to  commence  a  course  of  lectures  in  the  Spring  of 
1875. 

21.  The  staff  giving  instructions  at  Berkeley  now  includes 
the  President,   thirteen  resident  Professors,  two   non-res 
ident  Professors  (Judge  Field  and  Prof.   Davidson),  three 
lecturers  for  the  current  year  (Professors  Bessey  and  Brewer, 
and  Dr.  Becker),  nine  instructors,  and  seven  graduate  assist 
ants.  There,  are  in  addition,  a  Superintendent  of  the  Agricult 
ural  Grounds,  a  Gardener,  a  Foreman  and  a  Manager  of  the 
Printing  Office,   and  there    are    also    occasional  lecturers, 
whose  services  have  been  gratuitously  given  on  one  or  more 
days. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  13 

22.  The  number  of  students  lias  steadily  increased  since 
the  opening  of  the  institution,  as  the  following  figures  show : 

In  1869-70 40 

In  1870-71 , 78 

In  1871-72 153 

In  1872-73 185 

In  1873-74 191 

In  1874-75 234 

The  inconveniences  at  Berkeley  were  so  many  when  the 
University  was  first  established  in  its  permanent  place,  that 
many  of  those  who  had  proposed  to  enter  were  prevented 
from  doing  so,  and  some  of  the  ladies  who  had  been  in  at 
tendance  withdrew  from  the  classes.  Since  the  close  of  the 
last  academic  year,  126  persons  have  applied  for  admission 
to  the  University.  Twenty- six  counties  of  this  State,  and 
several  states  of  the  Union,  have  their  representatives  at 
Berkeley.  Of  the  present  students,  171  are  candidates  for  a 
degree.  The  number  of  ladies  attending  the  classes  is 
thirty-nine.  There  is  no  preparatory  class. 

LEGISLATION. 

23.  In  entering  upon  the  office  which  I  have  held,  it  was 
my  first  duty  to  become  acquainted  with  the  laws  under 
which  the  University  was  organized,  with  the  policy  that  the 
Eegents  had  adopted  for  the  organization  of  the  University, 
and  with  the  requirements  of  the  community  in  respect  to 
higher  education.     It  was  soon  apparent  that  a  great  diver 
sity  of  views  prevailed  in  respect  to  the  scope  of  the  Univer 
sity,  and  that  these  difficulties  arose  in  part  from  the  varied 
enactments  under  which  the  institution  had  been  organized. 
A  few  words  upon  this  subject  may  tend,  perhaps,  both  to 
exhibit  and  to  remove  some  of  these  difficulties. 

24.  The  State  of  California,  like  most  of  the  newer  States 
of  the  Union,  received  from  the  General  Government  a  cer 
tain  portion  of  the  public  lands  for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of 
learning ;  and  the  Constitution  of  the  State  provided  for  the 
bestowal   of  these   and  other  funds  upon  a  State  Univer 
sity.     This  was  the  nucleus  of  the  University  of  California. 


14  STATEMENT    OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

25.  Independent  of  State  action,   a  private  corporation, 
established  in  Oakland,  maintained  for  several  years  an  in 
stitution  of  learning  under  the  name  of  the  College  of  Cali 
fornia.     It  acquired  lands,  funds,  and  good-will.     When  the 
University  was  organized  it  relinquished  the  field  and  gave 
up  its  property  to  the  State,  on  condition  of  the  perpetual 
maintenance  of  a  College  of  Letters. 

26.  In  1862,  the  National  Government  bestowed  on  the 
various  States  of  the  Union  a  certain  amount   of  scrip  in  the 
public  lands,  for  the  maintenance  in  each  State  of  "at  least 
one  college  where  the  leading  object  shall  be,  without  ex 
cluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including 
military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  re 
lated  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanical  arts,  in  such  manner  as 
the  legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe,  in 
order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the 
industrial  classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in 
life." 

27.  The  scope  of  this  national  endowment  has  been  well 
defined  by  many  writers,  but  by  none  more  clearly  than  in 
the  following  paragraph,  which  was  written  by  Professor 
Atherton,  once  of  the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  and  now 
of  the  Eutgers  Scientific  School  in  New  Brunswick,  New  Jer 
sey.     After  referring  to  the  terms  of  the  grant  as  prescribed 
by  Congress,  he  says : 

"This  language  certainly  does  not  contemplate  the  teaching  of  "  agricult 
ure  "  alone,  but  of  all  the  natural  sciences  which  underlie  its  laws  and  proc 
esses,  all  the  mathematical  and  physical  sciences  which  are  the  basis  of  the 
mechanic  arts,  and  whatever  else  is  adapted  to  promote  "the  liberal  and 
practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes,"  not  even  excluding  classical 
studies.  It  is,  in  short,  the  statement  of  a  comprehensive  scheme  for  pro 
moting  the  higher  education  of  the  people — a  thing  which  the  Government 
has  been  doing  ever  since  it  first  had  public  lands  to  dispose  of.  The  insti 
tutions  thus  founded  have  come  to  be  generally  spoken  of  as  "  agricultural 
colleges,"  simply  for  want  of  a  more  convenient  designation,  and  prob 
ably,  also,  because  "agriculture"  happens  to  be  the  first  important  word  in 
that  part  of  the  law  just  quoted." 

28.  After  prolonged  discussion  among  the  friends  of  higher 
education,  the  Legislature  organized  the  University  of  Cali- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  15 

f ornia  by  an  Act  approved  March  23d,  1868,  which  was  some 
what  modified  by  the  passage  of  the  Political  Code,  and  has 
since  received  some  additional  amendments.  The  "  Organic 
Act,"  thus  modified,  still  governs  the  University.  It  is 
printed  with  the  last  legislative  revisions  in  the  University 
Eegisters  for  1874  and  1875. 

29.  The  Board  of  Eegents,  on  whom  these  laws  devolved 
the  administration  of    the  University,  was  originally  con 
stituted  as  follows,  in  four  distinct  classes : 

a.  The  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  State  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  all  elected  by  popular  vote,  and  holding  office  for  four  years,  and  the 
Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  holding  office  for  two  years,  and  elected  by  members 
of  the  Assembly,  were  the  official  representatives  of  the  State. 

&.  The  President  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  and  the  President  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute  in  San  Francisco,  elected  annually  by  these  societies, 
were  the  representatives  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  interests  of  the 
State. 

c.  Eight  members  of  the  Board,  holding  office  for  sixteen  years,  were  ap 
pointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the  approval  of  ttie  Senate. 

d.  Eight  members  of  the  Board,  holding  office  for  sixteen  years,  were 
elected  as  honorary  Kegents,  and  were  chosen  "from  the  body  of  the  State 
by  the  official  and  appointed  members." 

30.  The  law  expressly  declared  that  no  member  of  the 
Board  should  be  deemed  a  public  officer  by  virtue  of  such 
membership ;  but  he  should  be  deemed  as  discharging  exclu 
sively  a  private  trust.     The  Kegents  were  furthermore  re 
quired  to  become  incorporated  under  the  general  laws  of  the 
State.     These  provisions  were  intended  to  secure  stability  in 
the  Board,  and  the  removal  of  the  University  from  political 
interference ;  while  at  the  same  time  the  official  representa 
tives  of  the  State  had  power  to  prevent  and  correct  abuses. 
Care  was  also  taken,   by  providing  six  different  modes  of 
membership,  and  tenures  of  office  which  vary  in  length  from 
one  to  sixteen  years,  that  the  Board  should  not  be  the  rep 
resentative  of  any  class  or  faction. 

Sectarian  and  ecclesiastical  influences  were  precluded  by 
a  requirement  that  a  majority  of  the  Board  should  not  be  "  of 
any  one  religious  sect,  or  of  no  religious  sect." 

31.  The  Political  Code  of  the  State  of  California,  which 
went  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  January,  1873,  made  sev- 


16  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

eral  changes  in  the  constitution  of  the  Board  of  Eegents, 
the  bearing  of  which  upon  the  management  of  the  University 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  fully  considered.  The  Kegents 
are  declared  to  be  civil  executive  officers  of  the  State,  and 
all  except  the  ex  qfficio  members  are  to  be  appointed,  as 
vacancies  occur,  by  the  Governor,  with  the  advice  and  con 
sent  of  the  Senate. 

By  the  Legislature  of  1873-4,  the  President  of  the  Univer 
sity  for  the  time  being  was  made  a  member  of  the  Board, 
and  some  slight  verbal  changes  were  made  in  the  law. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  suggest  further  changes  in  the 
Organic  Act,  but  some  changes  must  be  made  before  the 
University  can  be  regarded  as  established  on  a  sure  founda 
tion. 

32.  It  would  be  well  for  the  State  if  these  historic  state 
ments  in  respect  to  the  origin  of  the  University  of  Califor 
nia  were   more   generally   remembered.     It   is  frequently 
asserted    that   the   University   was    founded    as    an    Ag 
ricultural     College,     and    that    the    College    of    Letters 
should  have  no  place  in   the  organization ;    whereas  the 
truth  is,  that  the  State,  in  its  Constitution,  provided  for  the 
establishment  of  "a  University,"  and  all  subsequent  legis 
lation  has  tended  toward  a  liberal  and  comprehensive  insti 
tution  in  which  all  higher  studies  should  be  taught. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

33.  Many  changes  have  been  made  in  the  mode  of  con 
ducting  the  business  of  the  Board — one  of  the  most  impor 
tant  of  which  has  been  the  establishment  of  the  Secretary's 
office  at  the  site  of  the  University,  where  he  can  personally 
oversee  the  expenditures  of  money.     Another  noteworthy 
change  has  been  made  in  the  organization  of  the  commit 
tees  of  the  Board. 

The  number  of  standing  committees  was  originally  twelve. 
This  plan  had  doubtless  been  adopted  in  order  to  interest 
every  member  of  the  Board  in  some  department  of  the 
University's  service,  but  the  practical  working  of  the  ar- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  17 

rangement  had  been  to  diffuse  responsibility  and  to  lessen 
interest.  Recognizing  this  fact,  the  Board,  at  my  request, 
soon  determined  to  appoint  one  committee  which  should  be 
a  central  committee  and  should  be  advisory  to  the  Presi 
dent  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  This  committee  was 
appointed  by  ballot,  and  consisted  of  five  members,  three  of 
whom  were  to  be  residents  of  Alameda  County.  The 
members  of  this  committee  were  originally  Messrs.  H.  H. 
Haight,  S.  F.  Butterworth,  H.  Stebbins,  J.  W.  Dwinelle, 
and  J.  W.  Martin.  The  place  of  Mr.  Butterworth  was 
subsequently  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  J.  Mora  Moss. 
This  committee  has  met  frequently  at  the  call  of  one  of 
their  number  or  of  the  President,  and  has  devoted  a  very 
large  amount  of  time  to  the  consideration  of  all  the  affairs 
of  the  University.  No  important  steps  have  been  taken 
by  the  President  without  their  knowledge  and  consent, 
and  on  them  the  Board  of  Regents  has  relied  for  advice  in 
matters  pertaining  to  the  instruction  and  government  of  the 
students  and  the  appointment  of  instructors.  Their  meet 
ings  have  been  held  on  an  average  more  frequently  than 
once  a  month  and  have  often  been  prolonged  for  two  or  three 
hours.  The  visits  of  the  various  members^ of  the  Committee 
to  Berkeley  have  likewise  been  frequent. 

As  a  still  further  step  toward  efficient  administration,  the 
Board  determined  to  make  the  quarterly  meeting  of  June 
an  annual  meeting,  and  to  require  at  that  time  the  presenta 
tion  of  reports  respecting  the  various  departments  of  the 
University  and  the  discussion  of  the  most  important  measures, 
so  far  as  they  could  be  foreseen,  for  the  ensuing  year.  The 
annual  meeting  for  1874  was  held  at  Berkeley  in  the  month 
of  June. 

The  number  of  the  Committees  has  been  reduced  from 
twelve  to  five,  and  their  duties  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  Advisory  Committee,  to  advise  the  Board  and  the  President  on  all 
such  matters  as  may  be  referred  to  them. 

2.  The  Finance  Committee,  to  audit  all  bills  and  to  supervise  the  financial 
affairs  of  the  University. 


18  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

3.  The  Land  Committee,  to  supervise  the  work  of  the  Land  Agent,  and  to 
superintend  the  sale  of  the  national  land  grant. 

4.  The  Committee  on  Buildings  and  Grounds,  to  supervise  the  care  of  the 
property  of  the  University. 

5.  The  Law  Committee,  to  give  advice  on  legal  points. 

SURVEYS    OF   THE    SITE. 

34.  The  right  development  of  a  site  which  is  to  be  the 
seat  of  a  University  for  a  long  time  to  come  has  naturally 
required  a  great  deal  of  consideration,  and  much  of  this 
preliminary  work  has  been  done  since  1872. 

35.  The  College  of  California,  before  it  transferred  tfye 
Berkeley  property  to  the  University,  had  caused  it  to  be 
carefully  examined  by  the  well-known  landscape  engineer 
of  New  York,  Mr.  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  who  prepared 
a  plan  for  its  improvement,  accompanied  by  an  elaborate 
map.     The  date  of  his  report  was  June  29th,  1866.    His 
views  in  respect  to  the  uses  of  the  grounds  were  published 
in  a  pamphlet,  and  are  still  of  much  value;  but  the  or 
ganization  of  the  institution,  when  it  passed  from  the  control 
of  a  private  corporation  to  that  of  the  State,  was  varied,  and 
this  made  it  necessary  to  deviate  in  many  respects  from  his 
suggestions.     It  is  obvious  that  the  requirements  of  a  State 
University  were  very  different  from  those  of  a  simple  college. 

Copies  of  Mr.  Olmsted' s  report  are  now  scarce,  and  it 
would  be  well  if  such  portions  as  are  of  permanent  value 
could  be  reprinted.  All  my  endeavours  to  find  the  map 
which  Mr.  Olmsted  prepared  have  been  without  success. 
When  the  Regents  of  the  University  entered  upon  the  site, 
Mr.  Low,  a  landscape  gardener  of  San  Jose,  was  employed 
to  lay  out  the  roads  and  paths  which  were  most  requisite. 
It  became  important  also  to  determine  upon  the  bearings 
which  should  be  given  to  the  college  buildings  which  were 
first  to  be  constructed.  It  was  decided  by  the  architect  to 
place  them  at  right  angles  to  an  axial  line  which  divides 
the  property  into  two  nearly  equal  portions,  and  which  pro 
tracted  bisects  the  Golden  Gate. 

36.  As  a  trustworthy  basis  for  future  improvements,  the 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  19 

Regents  requested  the  Chief  of  the  United  States  Coast  Sur 
vey  work  on  the  Pacific  to  cause  a  plane-table  survey  of 
the  site  to  be  made.  This  was  done  in  the  spring  of  1878 
by  Mr.  Cleveland  Rockwell. 

At  a  later  day,  Mr.  William  Hammond  Hall,  the  Land 
scape  Engineer  of  the  Golden  Gate  Park  of  San  Francis 
co,  was  requested  by  the  Regents  to  present  a  plan  for  the 
improvement  of  the  grounds,  having  in  view  what  had 
already  been  done,  and  what  were  likely  to  be  the  require 
ments  of  the  University  during  a  long  period  to  come.  His 
plan,  which  is  dated  February  21st,  1874,  is  printed  in  the 
statement  of  the  Regents  to  the  Legislature  in  the  session 
of  1873-4.  It  has  been  approved  and  adopted  by  the  Board. 

An  accurate  survey  of  the  boundary  lines  has  also  been 
made. 

There  are  now  no  funds  for  the  general  improvement 
of  the  grounds,  as  the  resources  set  apart  for  out-of-door 
work  are  devoted  to  the  development  of  the  agricultural 
and  horticultural  department.  As  soon  as  the  means  of 
the  University  permit,  the  work  of  road-making  and  grad 
ing  should  be  prosecuted  with,  efficiency. 

37.  In  further  preparation  for  the  growth  of  the  Univer 
sity,  the  students  of  Civil  Engineering,  under  the  guidance 
of  the  professor  in  that  department,  are  making  a  very 
minute  survey  of  the  site. 

Two  parts  of  this  survey  have  been  completed,  the  region 
around  the  two  large  buildings  now  constructed,  and  the 
water-shed  and  water-courses  connected  with  the  water 
supply  of  the  University. 

Professor  Soule  has  made  an  elaborate  report,  which 
remains  in  manuscript,  upon  the  water  question,  having  in 
view  not  only  the  present  necessities  of  the  institution,  but 
also  the  probability  that  a  large  neighborhood  will  require 
to  be  supplied  from  the  springs  which  the  University  con 
trols.  This  report  might  well  be  printed.  He  has  also 
furnished  the  following  note  in  respect  to  the  topography 
of  the  site: 


20  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

"  I  have  found  already  in  my  teaching  that  the  topography  of  the  site  is  not 
only  beautiful  in  a  landscape  and  architectural  point  of  view,  but  is  excellently 
adapted  to  instruction  in  all  branches  of  field  engineering.  The  diversified 
character  of  the  surface  brings  into  use  all  the  systems  and  principles  of  sur 
veying  and  topography.  It  is  in  area  200  acres,  is  watered  by  numerous 
springs  in  the  hills,  and  the  collection  and  disposal  of  this  will  furnish  here 
after  abundant  study  and  practice  to  the  engineering  student.  With  the 
spring  water  and  surface  water  saved,  the  grounds  could  be  thoroughly  irri 
gated  throughout  the  year,  and  made  to  blossom  as  the  rose.  The  lower  por 
tion  of  the  grounds  is  flat  and  moist  throughout  the  year,  and  will  nourish 
such  trees,  flowers,  and  shrubs,  as  require  such  soil.  Then  there  is  a  higher 
plateau,  upon  which  the  various  buildings  have  been,  or  are  to  be  located, 
forming  the  campus  proper.  Beyond,  toward  the  Monte  Diablo  Range,  the 
ground  rises  into  hills,  the  highest  of  which  is  884  feet  above  tide-water,  and 
584  feet  above  the  base  of  the  south  college.  The  average  height  of  the  tract  is 
400  feet  above  tide- water.  The  hilly  portion  could  be  well  utilized  for  forestry. 
The  University  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  reservoir  of  38, 000  gallons  capac 
ity,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Strawberry  Canon,  and  at  an  elevation  of  205  feet 
above  the  basement  of  the  south  college.  It  will  carry  water  entirely  over  any 
building  contemplated.  Other  springs  of  large  resources  will  be  reclaimed 
and  brought  in,  from  time  to  time.  Strawberry  Creek  is  for  a  large  portion  of 
the  year  a  beautifully  clear  stream ;  during  the  winter  it  discharges  an  enormous 
quantity  of  water,  and  runs  between  steep  banks  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  depth,  and 
•with  a  span  from  thirty  to  100  feet.  Along  it  are  found  many  shady  quiet  nooks, 
gracious  to  the  scholar,  philosopher,  and  naturalist.  The  soil  of  the  lower 
portion  of  the  site  is  a  deep,  rich  adobe,  capable  of  being  wrought  into  a  soil 
of  great  productiveness;  on  the  plateau  it  is  a  lighter  kind.  On  the  hills  there 
is  a  thin  soil  of  decomposed  shale  rock,  etc.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  with 
in  so  small  an  area  as  the  University  site  a  spot  with  so  many  varieties  and 
capabilities  in  the  way  of  soils,  irrigation,  and  exposure." 

38.  The  University  has  thus  at  command  several  accu 
rate  maps  of  its  Berkeley  property,  viz  : 

a.  The  plane-table  map  prepared  by  Mr.  Rockwell,  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
Survey. 

6.  The  project  for  the  improvement  of  the  grounds,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hall,  of 
San  Francisco. 

c.  The  survey  of  the  boundary  lines. 

d.  The  survey  of  the  water  rights  of  the  University  and  their  connections, 
prepared  by  Professor  Soule. 

e.  Detailed  plats  of  different  portions  of  the  grounds,  prepared  by  the  stu 
dents  in  Engineering  and  Surveying.     Mr.  Hawkins  has  taken  special  interest 
in  the  study  of  the  site,  and  in  ascertaining  accurate  data  in  respect  to  its 
characteristics. 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  21 

BUILDINGS. 

39.  Two  large  and  commodious  buildings  have  been  con 
structed  for  the  University  at  Berkeley.  The  plans  for 
these  structures  were  made  by  Mr.  David  Farquharson, 
architect,  of  San  Francisco,  and  were  adopted  by  the  Board 
before  my  connection  with  the  University.  The  brick 
building  sometimes  called  the  College  of  Agriculture,  but 
officially  designated  by  the  Regents  as  the  "  South  Hall," 
was  constructed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Farquharson; 
the  wooden  building,  sometimes  called  the  College  of  Let 
ters,  but  officially  designated  as  the  "North  Hall,"  was  con 
structed  without  the  architect's  supervision,  and  the  inte 
rior  arrangements  were  in  some  respects  changed  from  his 
original  plans  by  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Regents. 
The  corner-stone  of  the  first  building  was  laid  in  August, 
1872,  with  public  ceremonies;  the  corner-stone  of  the  second 
building  was  laid  in  the  spring  of  1873,  in  the  presence  of 
the  officers  and  students  of  the  University. 

Both  these  buildings  were  occupied  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  college  year  in  September,  1873,  although  some 
of  the  interior  arrangements  were  not  completed. 

The  South  Hall  contains  the  Library,  museums,  labora 
tories,  Agricultural  rooms,  Secretary's  office,  and  an  ad 
mirable  scientific  lecture-room.  The  North  Hall  contains 
the  class-rooms  for  Mathematics,  Physics,  Engineering, 
Mechanics,  Languages,  and  Literature,  together  with  a 
large  assembly-room,  Faculty  rooms,  armory,  printing-of 
fice,  etc. 

The  dimensions  of  the  brick  building  are  as  follow : 
length,  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet ;  average  width, 
fifty-six  feet.  There  are  four  stories,  and  thirty-four  rooms 
in  the  building,  six  of  them  being  thirty-two  by  forty-eight 
feet,  and  several  of  the  others  twenty  by  twenty-six  feet. 

The  length  of  the  north  building  is  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
six  feet ;  its  average  width,  sixty  feet,  and  its  height  sixty- 
four  feet.  It  has  four  stories,  and  is  divided  into  twenty- 
eight  compartments.  The  assembly-room  is  forty-three  by 
3 


22  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

fifty-eight  feet,  and  the  philosophical  lecture  room  thirty- 
six  by  fifty-eight  feet. 

COURSES   OF   INSTRUCTION. 

40.  The  changes  in  the  courses  of  instruction  during  the  last 
three  years  are  partly  such  as  have  been  occasioned  by  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  teachers,  and  by  the  improved 
facilities  for  instruction  afforded  by  the  new  buildings  at 
Berkeley. 

Some  of  these  changes  are  important  enough  to  be  ex 
plained. 

In  addition  to  the  original  courses  of  study  in  Agricult 
ure  arid  Letters  which  were  commenced  in  1869,  a  course 
in  Engineering  was  begun  in  1871.  Since  then  the  courses 
in  Mechanics,  Mining,  and  .Chemistry  have  been  estab 
lished,  and  the  course  in  Letters  has  been  separated  into  a 
classical  and  a  literary  course.  In  accordance  with  the 
phraseology  of  the  laws  of  the  State,  these  courses  are  com 
monly  spoken  of  as  "  colleges."  At  the  head  of  each  of 
these  seven  ^departments  of  instruction  is  a  professor,  who 
acts  under  the  President  and  Faculty  as  the  director  of  the 
studies  of  the  course. 

These  seven  courses  and  their  directors  are  as  follows  : 

Agriculture PBOFESSOE  HILGAED. 


Mechanics  . . 

Mining 

Chemistry  . . 
Engineering 

Classics 

Literature. . . 


JOHN  LECONTE  . 

ASHBUENEE. 

RISING. 

SOTJLE. 

KELLOGG. 
SILL. 


41.  The  five  courses  first  named  are  commonly  spoken  of  as 
the  "  College  of  Science,"  and  the  two  last  named  as  the 
"  College  of  Letters."  The  Scientific  Faculty  and  the  Lit 
erary  Faculty  meet  together  as  one  body  for  the  govern 
ment  of  the  students.  All  the  Faculties  of  the  University, 
including  the  Medical,  constitute  by  law  an  "  Academic 
Senate,"  the  meetings  of  which  will  not  probably  be  fre- 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  23 

quent.  The  President  of  the  University  is  the  presiding 
officer  in  these  various  Faculties,  and  the  Dean  of  the  Aca 
demic  Senate  is  the  Secretary  of  that  body  and  of  the  joint 
meetings  of  the  Scientific  and  Literary  Faculties. 

In  the  five  technical  courses,  the  first  two  years  are  de 
voted  chiefly  to  those  studies  which  are  fundamental  and  of 
general  importance — to  Mathematics,  Elementary  Chem 
istry,  Physics,  Natural  History,  and  Modern  Languages,  in 
cluding  English.  During  the  last  two  years,  the  special 
subjects  of  the^  several  courses  predominate,  that  is  to  say, 
Agriculture,  Mechanics,  Mining,  Chemistry,  or  Engineer 
ing.  The  degree  given  at  the  conclusion  of  each  of  these 
courses  is  that  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy  in  the  College  of 
Agriculture,  Mechanics,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be.  Full 
particulars  in  regard  to  these  courses  are  given  in  the  Reg 
ister  of  the  University  for  1874-5. 

42.  The  examinations  for  admissions  have  been  made  more 
strict,  but  the  terms  of  entrance  have  not  been  altered.  To 
explain  the  character  of  these  examinations,  both  to  teachers 
and  scholars  in  distant  parts  of  the  State,  a  circular  has  been 
carefully  prepared  and  widely  distributed.  It  is  printed  as 
Bulletin  No.  6. 

At  the  examinations  for  admission  in  the  autumn  of  1874, 
there  were  126  candidates,  of  whom  54  were  admitted  with 
out  a  condition,  six  withdrew  of  their  own  accord,  and  fif 
teen  were  found  deficient  in  two  principal  studies  and  advised 
to  withdraw.  Of  those  who  were  admitted  on  condition  of 
making  up  their  deficiencies,  nineteen  were  conditioned  in 
mathematics,  and  in  the  College  of  Letters  thirteen  were 
conditioned  in  Latin. 

There  are  two  principal  examinations  every  year,  one  at  the 
end  of  the  first  term  called  the  "  semi-annual,"  and  one  at 
the  end  of  the  year  called  the  "annual."  These  examina 
tions  cover  the  work  which  has  been  done  during  the 
semester  or  the  year  just  previous.  The  effect  of  these  ex 
aminations  on  the  standing  of  a  scholar  is  carefully  adjusted 
by  rules  which  the  Faculty  have  adopted. 


24  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

43.  The  order  of  the  University,  during  the  three  years, 
has  been  good.     The  number  of  cases  requiring  discipline 
from  the  Faculty  for  improper  conduct  has  been  exceedingly 
small.     There  has  been  no  system  of  police,  nor  of  tutorial  or 
military  supervision.     There  have  been  few  regulations,  and 
few  penalties,  but  the  constant  effort  of  the  instructors  has 
been  to  impress  upon  the  scholars  a  sense  of  the  advantages 
here  bestowed  upon  them,  and  to  let  it  be  understood  that 
those  who  do  not  appreciate  these  advantages  are  liable 
at  any  moment  to  be  deprived  of  them.     This  simple  under 
standing  has  been  sufficient  to  secure  the  respectful  obe 
dience  of  the  pupils,  and  cases  of  neglect  and  carelessness 
have  been  exceedingly  rare.     Visitors  to  the  public  build*- 
ings  are  constantly  surprised  to  see  the  good  order  in  which 
they  have  been  kept,  and  are  more  surprised  to  learn  that 
this  good  condition  is  not  the  result  of  frequent  repairs, 
nor  of  heavy  penalties,  but  of  constant  attention  and  care 
on  the  part  of  the  students. 

TECHNICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   INSTRUCTION. 

44.  From  what  has  been  already  said,  it  is  obvious  that 
special  attention  has   been  given  to  technical  or  scientific 
instruction,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  Congres 
sional  grant,  making  it  necessary  to  provide  instruction  in 
those  branches  of  learning  "  which  are  related  to  Agricult 
ure  and  Mechanical  Arts."      Five  of  these  modern  courses 
or  colleges  are  now  maintained  in  the  University,  namely: 

1.  Agriculture.  4.  Engineering. 

2.  Mechanics.  5.  Chemistry. 

3.  Mining. 

45.  The  general  character  of  this  instruction  is  indicated 
by  the  following  report  from  the  Faculty,  presented  to  the 
Legislative  Committee,  February  28th,  1874.   Since  that  time 
the  three  deficiencies  referred  to  at  the  close  of  their  report 
have  been  supplied.     First,  the  out-door  work  has  been  be 
gun,  including    the   establishment  on  a  good  plan  of  an 
orchard,  botanic  garden,  propagating-houses,   and  experi- 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  25 

ment  station  in  agriculture  and  horticulture ;  second,  in 
struction  has  been  given  by  Professors  Bessey  and  Brewer 
in  economic  Botany  and  Zoology;  and  third,  special  in 
structors  have  been  appointed  in  Industrial  Mechanics  and 
Industrial  Drawing. 

"  What  is  the  course  of  study  in  the  University  of  California,  in  Agricult 
ure  and  Mechanic  Arts? 

"  The  Faculty  of  the  University,  February  28th,  1874,  in  reply  to  this  formal 
inquiry,  made  the  following  answer.  By  a  comparison  of  their  statements 
with  those  of  other  kindred  universities,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  statement  of 
Professor  Carr  is  corroborated  when  he  said  to  the  Joint  University  Commit 
tee  that  with  one  special  provision  made,  '  we  shall  compare  very  favorably 
with  any  agricultural  college  in  the  country  so  far  as  in-door  instruction  is 
concerned  : ' 

"  BEPOBT. — It  may  be  premised  that  the  object  of  the  course  of  instruction 
given  in  the  University  in  all  its  departments,  including  those  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts,  is  to  furnish  a  broad  and  liberal  culture  adapted  to 
the  various  callings  of  intelligent  and  educated  citizens.  With  this 
aim  in  view,  the  course  of  instruction  in  the  Colleges  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts  has  been  so  arranged  as  to  embrace  the  following  sub 
jects: 

"1.  An  English  Course:  embracing  the  history  and  structure  of  the  English 
Language;  Ancient  and  Modern  History,  Bhetorio,  and  Logic.  This  course 
extends  through  four  years. 

"  2.  A  course  in  Modern  Languages:  embracing  one  or  more  modern  lan 
guages,  extending  through  three  or  four  years. 

"  3.  A  complete  course  of  Mathematics,  as  constituting  the  basis  of  all  scien 
tific  education,  extending  through  three  years. 

"4.  A  three. years'  course  of  Mechanics  and  Physics :  Mechanics,  embracing 
the  principles  of  machinery  and  the  manifold  applications  of  power,  Hydro 
statics,  Hydraulics,  and  Pneumatics;  Physics,  embracing  the  principles  of 
Heat  and  its  various  effects  in  Evaporation,  Rain  and  Dew,  etc. ;  the  princi 
ples  of  the  Steam-engine;  Electricity,  Magnetism,  and  Electro-magnetism; 
Acoustics,  Optics,  and  other  physical  subjects,  the  knowledge  of  which  is 
necessary  to  the  intelligent  farmer  and  mechanic. 

*'  5.  A  three  years'  course  in  Natural  History  and  Geology.  The  course  in 
Botany  embraces  the  Structure  and  Physiology  of  Plants— i.  e.,  how  plants 
germinate  and  grow  and  feed — the  nature  of  their  food,  the  circulation  of  sap, 
the  changes  which  it  undergoes,  etc.  The  connection  of  this  course  with 
Agriculture  is  close  and  direct. 

"The  course  in  Zoology  embraces  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and 
the  Laws  of  Eeproduction  in  Animals.  The  connection  of  these  subjects  with 
stock-feeding  and  stock-breeding  is  evident. 

"The  relation  of  Geology  to  Agriculture  is  scarcely  less  important,  since 
soils  are  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  rocks,  and  their  nature  and  fertility 
are,  therefore,  largely  determined  by  the  character  of  the  country  rock. 


26  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5. 

"6.  A  course  of  Chemistry,  general  and  analytical,  embracing  qualitative 
and  quantitative  analysis  and  laboratory  work.  The  importance  of  this 
course,  as  forming  the  basis  of  scientific  agriculture  and  many  branches  of 
arts,  is  evident.  This  extends  from  two  to  four  years. 

"7.  A  course  of  Engineering  and  Surveying,  which  is  important  in  its  ap 
plications  to  irrigation  and  reclamation  of  lands. 

"8.  Courses  in  Astronomy,  Physical  Geography,  and  Political  Econ 
omy. 

"9.  Besides  these  eight  courses,  which  provide  such  a  liberal  culture  as 
every  educated  citizen  should  possess,  and  many  portions  of  which  have  a 
close  connection  with  practical  agriculture  and  mechanical  arts,  a  special  course 
is  given  to  the  students  in  the  Agricultural  College,  by  the  Professor  of  Agricult 
ure,  on  the  subjects  relating  more  specifically  to  that  department. 

"  No  special  instruction  is  given  in  Applied  Mechanics,  except  such  as  is 
given  in  the  course  of  Mechanics  and  Physics,  as  no  instructor  has  been  pro 
vided  for  this  department. 

"The  special  instruction  in  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  is  still  defic 
ient  in  desirable  completeness.  To  meet  this  deficiency,  the  following  sug 
gestions  are  made: 

"  1.  Facilities  for  scientific  and  practical  experiments  in  Agriculture  and 
Horticulture,  including  a  Botanic  Garden  and  an  Arboretum. 

"2.  Instruction  in  Economic  Botany  and  Zoology,  including  the  study 
of  insects  injurious  to  vegetation,  as  recommended  in  the  reports  of  the  Re 
gents. 

"  3.  Special  instruction  in  Applied  Mechanics,  as  already  recommended  in 
the  report  of  the  Regents  for  1873,  pp.  29  and  30." 


COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

46.  The  most  noteworthy  changes  in  the  College  of  Agri 
culture  are  the  appointment  of  a  new  professor  in  that  depart 
ment,  the  commencement  of  field  and  garden  work,  and 
the  enlistment  of  special  lecturers  to  supplement  the  regular 
instructions  of  the  professor. 

The  out-door  work  is  subordinate  and  auxiliary  to  the 
class-room  instructions  of  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  but 
its  general  direction  is  intrusted  by  law  to  the  Secretary. 
Under  him  an  accomplished  and  experienced  gardener  has 
been  employed. 

47.  On  the  1st  of  February,  1875,  Secretary  Stearns  made 
the  following  report  of  the  work  which  he  had  commenced. 
A  more  extended  statement  may  be  expected  before  the 
session  of  the  Legislature  : 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  27 

"On  the  first  day  of  June,  1874,  work  in  this  department  was  commenced, 
and  has  been  pursued  with  energy. 

"  A  portion  of  the  grounds  dedicated  to  practical  agriculture  has  been 
thoroughly  plowed,  graded,  and  otherwise  prepared  by  deep  trenching  and 
working  over,  for  nursery  purposes. 

"  Two  propagating-houses  have  been  constructed  and  were  ready  for  use  in 
the  latter  part  of  August,  1874,  and  a  commodious  and  convenient  building 
for  work-rooms,  with  suitable  benches  for  potting  and  handling  plants  con 
structed,  with  storage  arrangements  for  prepared  soil,  pots,  tools,  etc.,  and 
a  suitable  office  for  gardener,  and  sleeping-room  for  watchman. 

"The  propagating-houses  are  of  the  dimensions  respectively  of  thirty  by 
twenty  feet,  and  sixty-four  by  fifteen  feet,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  latter  is  a  lab 
oratory  pertaining  to  said  houses,  sixty-four  feet  in  length  by  twelve  feet  in 
width;  these  buildings  are  arranged  so  as  to  facilitate  the  work,  and  so  con 
veniently  placed  that  the  whole  is  easily  supervised  by  the  gardener. 

"The  propagation  of  plants  of  economic  value,  as  well  as  such  species  as 
are  more  particularly  required  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  general  botany, 
and  ornamenting  the  grounds,  in  pursuance  of  the  general  plan  devised  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Hall,  was  at  once  commenced,  and  such  vegetable  forms  as  are  val 
uable  to  the  pomologist,  and  necessary  to  illustrate  floriculture  and  arboricult 
ure,  have  already  been  produced  in  large  numbers.  The  entire  domain  be 
longing  to  the  University  includes  two  hundred  acres,  sloping  to  the  west,  a 
parallelogram  in  general  shape,  and  presenting  quite  a  diversified  topography; 
its  lower  portion  being  about  two  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  San  Fran 
cisco  Bay,  and  rising  toward  the  east  into  hills,  the  summits  of  which  are 
about  nine  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level.  Some  forty  acres  are  reserved 
for  agricultural  purposes  and  experiments,  and  the  remainder  to  illustrate  thfe 
principles  and  methods  of  landscape  ornamentation,  forestry,  botany  and  al 
lied  studies. 

"  A  well-designed  and  convenient  barn,  thirty-six  by  forty-four  feet,  and  a 
story  and  a  half  in  height,  has  been  built,  and  the  principal  road  which  traverses 
the  farming-grounds  has  been  marked  out  and  partly  graded,  to  facilitate  the 
farm  work. 

"The  propagating-houses  were  ready  for  use  on  the  22d  day  of  Au 
gust,  since  which  date  10,000  plants  of  20  species  of  eucalyptus,  5,000  aca 
cias  of  25  species,  200  species  of  native  and  foreign  coniferae,  also  numerous 
rare  forms  peculiar  to  Australasia,  South  and  Central  America,  and  elsewhere, 
and  many  species  of  textile,, medicinal,  and  other  economic  plants,  have  been 
produced.  We  may  mention  112  varieties  of  roses,  13  of  azaleas,  12  of  ca- 
melias,  and  six  of  magnolias,  for  ornamental  purposes. 

"The  planting  of  a  standard  orchard,  for  the  purpose  of  correcting  the 
nomenclature  of  the  fruits  already  in  cultivation,  and  for  furnishing  hereafter 
cions  and  plants  for  distribution  through  the  State,  as  well  as  for  the  intro 
duction  of  new  varieties  to  be  distributed  as  above,  has  received  proper  con 
sideration.  The  following  have  already  been  planted,  and  it  is  our  intention 
to  still  further  enlarge  the  list : 


28 


STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 


Apples 141  varieties. 

Siberian  Crab-apples 14 

Pears 152 

Cherries 82 

Plums 57 

Peaches 89 

Apricots 22 

Quinces 2 

Nectarines 15 

Grapes 73 

Blackberries 7 

Gooseberries 8 

Currants 8 

Baspberries 34 

Strawberries 35 

Filberts 3 

Asparagus 1 

Ehubarb 16 

Mulberries 6 

And  all  the  species  of  walnuts  and  chestnuts.  We  have  also  procured  many 
varieties  of  oranges,  lemons,  limes,  etc. 

"  Among  the  apples  are  nine  new  Eussian  varieties,  and  the  peaches  in 
clude  seventeen  of  Elvers'  new  seedlings. 

"  Our  thanks  are  due  to  many  friends  for  plants  and  seeds  of  desirable  va 
rieties,  both  of  ornamental  and  useful  plants;  especially  so  to  Mr.  Eegent  Bo- 
lander,  Mr.  S.  Nolan,  Dr.  A.  Kellogg,  Mr.  W.  J.  Fisher  (Naturalist  of  the 
Tuscarora  Telegraph  Sounding  Expedition) ;  and  to  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson,  of 
Santa  Cruz,  Cal.,  for  choice  species  of  willows,  as  well  as  to  other  parties 
who  have  presented  smaller  lots. 

"It  is  not  to  be  expected,  with  our  local  climate  and  soil,  that  all  of  the 
above  can  be  successfully  grown  at  Berkeley,  but  it  is  altogether  probable 
that  many  of  them  can  be  successfully  cultivated,  and  we  may  be  able  to  add 
more  or  less  to  the  number  of  useful  varieties  now  produced  in  the  State." 

48.  The  gardener  has  utilized,  so  far  as  he  could,  the  volun 
tary  labor  of  some  of  the  students,  paying  for  it  a  fair 
price — the  same  as  is  paid  to  other  working  persons  of  like 
capacity.  Those  students  who  are  especially  enrolled  in 
the  College  of  Agriculture  have  had  the  opportunity  of  be 
coming  acquainted  with  these  out-of-door  operations,  and 
were  required  at  the  end  of  the  first  half-year  to  make  re 
ports  upon  the  same. 

The  out-door  work  may  be  considered  partly  as  agricult 
ural,  partly  as  horticultural,  partly  as  botanical,  or  it  may 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  29 

be  regarded  as  having  reference  in  part  to  the  beautifying 
of  the  grounds,  by  planting  upon  them  rare,  useful,  and 
ornamental  trees,  shrubs,  flowers,  etc.,  both  native  and  ex 
otic;  and  in  part  as  having  reference  to  the  trial  of  experi 
ments  in  the  practical  work  of  the  farm  or  garden. 

49,  During  the  present  college  year,  three  distinguished 
lecturers  from  other  colleges  in  which  technical  instruction 
is  made  prominent  have  given  courses  of  lectures  at  Berke 
ley,  and  a  miscellaneous  course  of  lectures  on  agricultural 
subjects,  by  residents  of  California,  has  also  been  arranged. 
These  lectures  are  given  before  the  College  of  Agriculture, 
but  are  open  to  all  persons  who  desire  to  attend  them, 
whether  members  of  the  University  or  not. 

At  a  future  time,  other  courses  of  lectures  may  be  ex 
pected;  among  them,  a  course  by  W.  S.  Clark,  LL.  D., 
President  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Am- 
herst,  and  a  course  by  Professor  E.  S.  Morse,  A.  M.,  of  the 
Peabody  Institute,  Salem,  Mass. 

The  lecturers  and  their  subjects,  for  1875,  are  as  fol 
low: 

"  1.  On  the  Analysis  of  Soils:  by  Professor  Eugene  W.  Hilgard,  Ph.  Dr. 
of  the  University  of  Michigan. 

"2.  On  the  Chemistry  of  Household  Life:  by  Professor  Eugene  W.  Hil 
gard,  Ph.  Dr.,  of  the  University  of  Michigan. 

"  3.  On  Economic  Botany;  or  the  Plants  which  are  Useful  and  Harmful  in 
Human  Industry:  by  Professor  C.  E.  Bessey,  M.  S.,  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural 
College. 

"4.  On  the  Improvement  of  Varieties  in  Plants  and  Animals:  by  Professor 
C.  E.  Bessey,  M.  S.,  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College. 

"5.  On  Stock  Breeding:  by  Professor  W.  H.  Brewer,  A.  M.,  Botanist  of 
the  California  Geological  Survey,  and  Professor  of  Agriculture  in  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School. 

"6.  A  miscellaneous  course  of  subjects  pertaining  to  agriculture.  The 
following  gentlemen  have  been  invited  to  lecture: 

"  On  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation  :  Henry  Edwards,  Esq.,  San  Fran 
cisco. 

"  On  Forestry:  Professor  H.  N.  Bolander,  Sacramento. 

"On  Orange  Culture:  Dr.  J.  Strentzel,  Martinez. 

"On  Wheat:  Horace  Davis,  Esq.,  San  Francisco. 

"On  Local  Field  Botany:  Dr.  W.  P.  Gibbons,  Alameda;  Dr.  A.  Kellogg, 
San  Francisco. 


30  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

"On  Cotton  Culture:  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  M.  A. 

"On  the  History  of  California  Agriculture:  W.  B.  Ewer,  M.  A.,  San 
Francisco.  *, 

"  On  the  Lower  Forms  of  Vegetable  Life:  Dr.  H.  W.  Harkness,  San  Fran 
cisco. 

"On the  Eucalyptus  Tree:  Mr.  B.  E.  C.  Stearns,  Berkeley." 

COLLEGE   OF    MECHANICS. 

50.  Instruction  in  the  science  of  Mechanics  has  been 
given  in  the  University  by  Professor  John  Le  Conte  since 
1870,  but  for  the  further  development  of  the  College  of 
Mechanics,  two  new  instructors  have  been  appointed  re 
cently — Professor  Hesse  and  Professor  Hoffmann ;  the  for 
mer  to  give  instructions  in  Industrial  Mechanics,  and  the 
latter  in  Industrial  Drawing.  These  gentlemen  are  re 
garded  as  qualified  in  a  high  degree  to  give  efficiency  to 
this  part  of  the  University.  Professor  Hoffmann's  classes 
are  already  well  organized,  and  he  has  begun  a  collection 
of  diagrams  and  models  which  will  prove  very  helpful  in 
his  work.  An  order  has  been  sent  to  Darmstadt  for  a  col 
lection  of  Schroeder  models  illustrative  of  the  elements  of 
mechanism,  to  be  purchased  at  an  outlay  of  $1,000,  and 
their  arrival  may  be  soon  expected. 

*  Professor  Hesse  began  his  service  after  the  work  of  the 
year  was  so  far  in  progress  that  it  was  not  easy  at  the  mo 
ment  to  organize  a  class  for  his  instruction,  though  he  has 
offered  to  give  special  instruction  to  all  who  wish  it. 

In  the  meantime,  he  has  undertaken  to  make  an  investi 
gation  which  will  undoubtedly  have  a  very  important  bear 
ing  upon  the  industries  of  this  State — an  investigation  of 
the  strength  of  the  timbers  which  are  grown  upon  the  Pa 
cific  Coast.  Accurate  information  is  very  much  needed  on 
this  subject  by  all  who  are  concerned  in  the  use  of  woods. 
In  order  to  devise  a  successful  mode  of  procedure,  a  meet 
ing  was  held  in  February  of  the  present  year,  which  was 
attended  by  most  of  the  scientific  professors  in  the  Univer 
sity,  and  by  several  well-known  engineers  and  builders 
whose  pursuits  had  caused  them  to  pay  particular  attention 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  31 

to  the  character  of  the  woods  of  this  coast.  By  their 
united  suggestions,  a  plan  was  devised  for  the  collection  of 
specimens,  and  for  determining  accurately  the  circum 
stances  of  growth.  By  the  agency  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad  and  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  these  specimens  will  be 
collected  from  every  part  of  the  State  and  brought  to  Oak 
land.  Meanwhile,  Mr.  Hesse  is  engaged  in  the  construc 
tion  of  the  instruments  by  which  the  woods  will  be  tested. 
The  results  of  this  work  will  be  communicated  to  the  Leg 
islature,  and  will  be  published  for  the  benefit  of  all  who  are 
engaged  in  any  department  of  construction.  The  sugges 
tions  of  Professor  Bessey,  who  took  a  lively  interest  in  this 
matter,  should  here  be  gratefully  mentioned. 

51.  As  a  preliminary  statement  of  what  he  has  under 
taken,  Professor  Hesse  has  given  me  the  following  note: 

OAKLAND,  March  22,  1875. 

"  Having  been  intrusted  with  the  management  of  the  experimental  inquiry 
relating  to  the  woods  of  the  Pacific  slope,  I  deem  it  proper,  on  the  eve  of 
your  departure  for  the  East,  to  give  you  a  short  synopsis  of  the  progress  made 
so  far,  and  of  my  views  as  to  its  ultimate  practical  value. 

"I  am  justified  in  stating,  that  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Pacific  Rail 
road  Company,  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  and  the  Scientific  Department  of  the  Uni 
versity  of  California,  results  can  be  obtained  more  comprehensive,  and,  I 
hope,  more  thorough  than  any  yet  produced  in  the  East  or  in  Europe.  Our 
slope  is  noted  for  the  variety  and  quality  of  its  timber,  which  has  already  at 
tracted  the  attention  of  the  manufacturing  interests  of  Europe,  and  a  knowl 
edge  of  its  properties  will  not  only  guide  the  manufacturer  in  its  selection,  but 
lead  to  new  applications. 

"  Circulars,  containing  questions  calculated  to  elicit  every  possible  kind  of 
information,  have  been  printed  for  the  use  of  the  collectors.  The  specimens, 
consisting  of  entire  segments  of  the  trunk,  will  be  forwarded  to  San  Francisco 
to  undergo  the  process  of  seasoning.  This  preparatory  work  will  naturally 
extend  over  quite  a  period  of  time,  during  which  the  tests  are  being  made  as 
fast  as  the  specimens  can  be  furnished.  The  students  will  assist  in  the  ex 
perimental  tests,  to  get  accustomed  to  the  handling  of  instruments  for  experi 
mental  inquiry. 

"At  present  I  am  engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  necessary  appa 
ratus  to  make  the  following  experiments  : 

"  1.  On  the  strength  of  direct  cohesion  of  the  fibres  of  wood. 

"2.  On  the  lateral  adhesion. 

"3.  On  the  transverse  strength. 

"  The  mechanical  action  of  the  strain,  which  takes  place  in  test  1,  is  by  far 
the  simplest,  yet  the  most  difficult  to  submit  to  actual  experiment  in  wood. 


32  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

And  it  is  to  some  extent  owing  to  this  circumstance  that  so  little  agreement  is 
found  in  the  experimental  results  obtained  heretofore.  For  this  reason  it  has 
been  my  especial  aim  in  the  construction  of  the  apparatus  to  remove  all  the 
objectionable  features,  which  might  prevent  the  obtaining  of  a  reliable  re 
sult.  The  main  points  which  claimed  my  attention  in  this  connection  have 
reference, 

"  To  the  influence  of  vibrations  during  the  test. 

"To  the  necessity  of  applying  the  strain  in  the  direct  line  of  the  fibres 
and  of  the  mathematical  axis  of  the  body  to  be  tested. 

"  To  adapt  the  apparatus  to  the  testing  of  the  lateral  adhesion  of  the  fibres 
of  the  wood. 

"  I  am  confident  in  stating  that  the  plan  I  have  adopted  completely  covers 
these  points. 

"The  drawings  are  now  in  the  hands  of  the  pattern-makers,  and  I  look  to  the 
completion  of  the  test  machine  in  a  very  short  time. 

"I  may  mention  here,  that  I  attach  great  importance  to  test  2,  for  the 
following  reasons  : 

"  The  recognized  formula  for  transverse  strength  is  probably  correct  only  for 
that  material  which  presents  the  same  cohesive  strength  in  every  direction, 
as  is  generally  found  in  homogeneous  substances.  In  most  woods  we  find  a 
very  different  condition.  The  lateral  cohesion  is  often  one-twentieth  or  less 
of  the  direct  cohesion  of  the  fibres.  The  established  formula,  which  meas 
ures  the  resisting  force  directly  by  the  breadth,  the  square  of  the  depth,  and 
inversely  by  the  length,  is  based  on  theoretic  considerations,  embracing  only 
direct  cohesion  and  compression,  and  assumes  that  lateral  cohesion  is  suffi 
cient  to  resist  the  resultant  shearing  forces.  I  doubt  the  correctness  of  such 
general  assumption,  and  believe,  moreover,  that  the  elasticity  of  the  wood, 
under  the  action  of  forees  parallel  to  the  fibres  (shearing  forces),  ought  to  be 
separated  in  the  formula. 

"  I  have  for  this  reason  consulted  the  tests  that  were  made  by  Buffon,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  French  government,  as  to  the  transverse  strength  of  oak  of 
various  dimensions,  and  by  far  the  most  valuable  ever  made,  both  as  respects* 
the  number  and  the  size  of  the  pieces  of  timber  on  which  they  were  made. 
Now,  if  the  old  formula  is  correct,  the  constants  computed  from  each  of  the 
above-mentioned  experiments  ought  to  approximate  the  total  average  result. 
But  I  found  that  these  co-efficients  decreased  rapidly  with  an  increase  of  the 
ratio  of  the  depth  with  the  length  of  beam,  which  seems  practically  to  bear 
out  the  above  assertion. 

"  I  am  at  present  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  the  distributed  forces,  to 
establish,  if  possible,  that  relation  above  mentioned,  and  if  successful,  the  re 
sults  obtained  from  experiments  can  be  applied  so  as  to  produce  a  more  re 
liable  result,  a  point  of  great  practical  utility. 

"  To  Mr.  Chauncey  Taylor  I  have  to  express  my  thanks  for  his  kindness  in 
offering  any  facilities  which  his  lumber-yard  may  afford,  and  also  the  results 
of  his  experience  as  to  the  best  selection  for  my  purpose. 
.  "  I  must  also  mention  in  this  connection  Joseph  Moore,  the  able  Superin 
tendent  of  the  Kisdon  Iron  Works,  for  having  presented  me  with  a  steelyard, 
and  for  his  readiness  to  assist  the  enterprise." 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  33 

52.  The  following  circular  has  been  issued  in  regard  to 
this  investigation. 

"The  University  of  California,  with  the  generous  co-operation  of  railroad 
engineers,  and  others  practically  interested  in  the  investigations,  proposes  to 
make  a  thorough  examination  of  the  timbers  grown  and  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
—especially  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  their  strength,  durability,  and 
adaptation  to  various  industrial,  engineering,  architectural,  mechanical,  and 
manufacturing  purposes. 

"  The  result  of  these  investigations  will  be  reported  to  the  Legislature  and 
published  for  the  benefit  of  the  people  in  this  State  and  at  a  distance.  The 
suggestions  and  co-operation  of  scientific  and  practical  men  will  be  greatly 
appreciated. 

"  By  the  agency  of  the  C.  P.  B.  B.  Co.,  S.  P.  K.  B.  Co.,  and  Wells,  Fargo  & 
Co.,  specimens  will  be  collected  and  brought  to  the  University.  The  me 
chanical  tests  will  be  made  by  F.  G.  Hesse,  Oakland,  Professor  of  Industrial 
Mechanics,  and  he  will  be  assisted  in  other  departments  of  the  investigation 
by  the  professors  of  Botany,  Agriculture,  Chemistry,  Physics,  and  Engi 
neering. 

"  In  connection  with  this  work,  the  collections  of  the  University  in  Econom 
ic  Botany  and  Vegetation  will  be  increased.  Interesting  specimens  for  the 
Museum  are  solicited.  Communications  on  the  subject  may  be  addressed  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  University. 

"NOTES  TO  ACCOMPANY  EACH  SPECIMEN: 

"Number. 

"  Collector's  name. 

"Date  when  cut. 

"NAME  OF  TREE:  Common  and  Local.  [If  several  names  are  known, 
mention  them.]  Botanical. 

"PLACE  WHERE  GROWN:  State.  County.  Altitude.  [Near  summit,  or  foot 
of  mountain,  and  on  what  side.] 

"  Whether  native  growth  or  cultivated. 

"Whether  isolated  or  surrounded  by  other  trees  of  the  same  kind;  if 
otherwise,  state  what  kind  of  trees. 

"Exposure. 

"  Nature  of  soil,  moist  or  dry. 

"Knowledge  of  the  durability  of  wood. 

"  General  condition  of  the  tree,  height,  age,  health,  or  soundness. 

"  DIRECTIONS  FOR  CUTTING.— Cut  segments  of  the  trunk  five  feet  long;  one, 
from  five  to  ten  feet  above  ground,  according  to  size  of  tree;  another  in  middle, 
and  one  near  top.  Collect  foliage,  branches,  and  fruit  (including  acorns, 
cones,  seeds,  etc.),  to  ascertain  the  botanical  name.  Mark  on  each  piece  the 
number  of  the  tree  (corresponding  with  the  label),  the  collector's  name,  and 
whether  cut  above  ground,  at  the  middle,  or  top;  and  also  the  north  point  of 
compass.  Include  forest  trees,  acclimated,  and  second  growth." 


34  STATEMENT    OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

COLLEGE   OF   ENGINEERING. 

53.  The  College  of  Engineering  was  organized  after  the 
appointment  of  Professor   Soule,  in   1871,  and   has   been 
steadily  strengthened  from  year  to  year.     The  services  of 
Mr.  Hoffmann  are  already  found  to  be  of  great  value  to  the 
students   of  this   course.     The   preliminary   mathematical 
studies,  which  are  taught  with  great  thoroughness  during 
the  first  two  years  of  the  University  curriculum,  give  a  sub 
stantial  foundation  for  the  later  professional  studies  of  civil, 
mining,  and  mechanical  engineering.     A  subdivision  of  this 
course,  with  reference  to  the  profession  of  the  architect, 
will  doubtless,  at  some  future  day,  be  desirable. 

This  department  has  an  excellent  collection  of  instruments, 
including  transits,  levels,  barometers,  etc.,  which  are  con 
stantly  used  in  field  work  by  the  students;  a  superior  plane- 
table  and  a  solar  compass  have  been  ordered.  It  has  also 
the  beginning  of  a  collection,  made  by  Professor  Soule,  of 
models  of  engineering  construction,  arches,  domes,  roof 
and  bridge  trusses,  etc.  It  has  also  a  valuable  cabinet,  ex 
hibiting  the  woods  and  metals  used  in  construction,  artificial 
stones,  cements,  preserved  woods,  etc.  Among  its  maps 
and  diagrams  are  many  of  those  published  by  the  U.  S. 
Coast  Survey,  U.  S.  Lake  Survey,  U.  S.  Engineer  Corps. 

The  study  of  astronomy  is  aided  by  globes  and  astronom 
ical  diagrams,  by  the  plates  illustrative  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  published  by  the  Observatory  at  Cambridge,  and  by 
the  photographs  taken  at  Mr.  Rutherford's  Observatory. 
By  the  liberality  of  the  War  Department,  several  valuable 
astronomical  instruments  have  been  recently  loaned  to  the 
University. 

COLLEGE   OP   CHEMISTRY. 

54.  The  College  of  Chemistry  was  organized  after  the  re 
turn  of  Professor  Rising  from  Europe,  and  his  commence 
ment  of  work  in  the  autumn  of  1872.     The  completion  of 
extensive  and  well  arranged  laboratories,  the  appointment 
of  several  assistants,  and  the  introduction  of  practical  labor- 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  35 

atory  exercises  as  a  part  of  the  elementary  instruction  in 
chemistry  of  all  the  University  students,  and  the  engagement 
of  a  lecturer  on  metallurgy,  are  among  the  measures  which 
have  given  a  rapid  development  to  this  college.  Its  course 
of  studies  has  been  carefully  arranged  for  those  who  can 
remain  four  years;  but  ample  facilities  are  afforded  to  all 
who  wish  for  the  opportunity  to  make  for  a  shorter  time 
a  specialty  of  chemistry. 

Professor  Rising  has  furnished  me  with  the  following 
account  of  the  Laboratories  for  Analytical  Chemistry : 

"These  were  planned  after  the  most  careful  study  of  the  newest  and  best- 
arranged  laboratories  of  this  country  and  Europe,  with  the  aid  and  advice  of 
many  experienced  teachers  of  analytical  chemistry.  They  are  commodious, 
convenient,  well-lighted,  and  adapted  to  the  study  of  analytical  chemistry  in 
all  its  branches  and  to  the  carrying  on  of  original  research. 

"The  Qualitative  Laboratory,  on  the  first  floor,  is  thirty  by  fifty  feet, 
with  a  southern  exposure,  and  is  lighted  by  nine  large  windows  and  well 
ventilated.  On  the  sides  of  the  room  are  six  evaporating  niches,  closed  by 
glass  slides,  where  acids  and  the  like  substances  may  be  evaporated  and  the 
fumes  entirely  excluded  from  the  building.  A  sand-bath  inclosed  by  a  glass 
hood  and  provided  with  a  good  ventilating  flue  for  evaporations;  a  muffle  for 
drying,  roasting,  and  igniting  substances;  and  a  furnace  for  fusions,  furnish 
the  needed  facilities  for  all  chemical  operations  in  the  laboratory  which  re 
quire  direct  heat. 

"The  room  contains  eight  working-tables,  each  table  intended  for  four  stu 
dents,  thus  accommodating  thirty- two.  These  tables  are  nearly  an  exact  copy  of 
those  in  the  University  Laboratory  at  Berlin,  and  are  very  complete  and  con 
venient.  Each  student  is  supplied  with  water  and  sink,  etc.,  and  has  a  com 
plete  set  of  re-agents  under  his  control.  The  tables  are  also  provided  with  gas 
connections,  and  gas  will  soon  be  supplied  to  the  laboratory. 

' '  A  small  room  intended  for  a  sulphureted-hydrogen  room,  and  provided 
with  hood,  tables,  sink,  etc.,  connects  with  this  main  room. 

"  Another  room,  also  connecting  with  the  main  laboratory,  is  intended  for 
a  re-agent  and  apparatus  room,  but  is  temporarily  used  as  a  laboratory  for 
elementary  chemistry. 

"  Adjoining  the  sulphureted-hydrogen  room,  but  not  connected  with  it,  is 
a  room  designed  for  gas  analysis. 

"  Another  room  on  the  same  floor  was  designed  for  toxicology,  but  is  now 
used  for  another  purpose. 

"  On  the  second  floor,  immediately  above  the  Qualitative  Laboratory,  is 
the  Quantitative  Laboratory,  also  thirty  by  fifty  feet,  with  very  high  ceilings 
and  well-lighted.  This  room,  like  the  one  below,  is  provided  with  evaporat 
ing  niches  and  eight  students'  desks  of  black  walnut,  and  accommodates  the 
same  number  of  students  (thirty-two).  A  sand  and  steam-bath,  with  hood 


36  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

and  drying  ovens,  supplies  the  needed  accommodations  for  evaporation,  dry 
ing  precipitates,  etc.;  also,  all  the  distilled  water  needed  in  the  laboratories. 
A  number  of  Bunsen's  filter  pumps  supplies  an  abundant  opportunity  for 
rapid  filtration.  Glass  cases  on  either  side  of  the  main  entrance  to  the 
Quantitative  Laboratory  are  intended  to  contain  a  chemical  cabinet.  Here 
are  to  be  placed  collections  of  chemical  compounds  neatly  put  up  and  labeled 
and  systematically  arranged.  They  are  placed  where  they  must  be  almost 
constantly  seen  by  the  students,  and  are  intended  for  instruction.  The  ven 
tilation  of  this  room  is  also  good, 

"  Connecting  with  this  room  is  a  fusion  and  re-agent  room.  This  room 
contains  a  blast  lamp,  conveniences  for  organic  analysis,  a  hood  with  ven 
tilating  flue,  shelves  and  cases  for  re-agents,  etc. 

"Convenient  to  the  main  laboratory  is  a  balance  room,  supplied  with 
three  of  Becker's  best  balances.  This  number  will  be  increased  as  the  needs 
of  the  department  demand.  The  room  also  contains  a  few  scales  for  rougher 
weighing. 

"A  private  laboratory  for  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  connects  with  the 
Quantitative  Laboratory.  This  is  of  moderate  size,  and  is  supplied  with  two 
working- tables  like  those  in  the  main  room,  but  smaller.  It  also  contains  a  table 
with  pneumatic  cistern,  sink,  cupboard,  cases,  shelves,  drawers,  etc.  Here  the 
finer  apparatus,  glass-ware,  etc.,  to  be  used  in  research,  is  stored. 

"LABORATORY  FOR  ELEMENTARY  CHEMISTRY. — This  laboratory  was  not 
provided  for  in  the  original  plan.  The  most  available  room  for  the  purpose 
was  the  apparatus  room  of  the  Qualitative  Laboratory,  and  this  room  is  used 
for  that  purpose  until  a  better  place  can  be  provided.  It  is  very  plainly  fitted 
up  with  shelves,  tables,  cases,  and  cupboards,  and  accommodates  at  one  time 
twelve  students. 

"  All  the  students  of  the  University,  at  some  time  during  their  course,  must 
complete  a  course  of  practical  chemistry  in  the  laboratory.  The  rapidly  in 
creasing  number  of  students  in  the  University  will  soon  make  it  necessary 
to  provide  a  larger  and  more  convenient  room  for  this  purpose. 

"CHEMICAL  LECTURE-ROOM. — The  room  immediately  above  the  Quanti 
tative  Laboratory  was  designed  for  a  chemical  lecture  -  room.  It  is  pro 
vided  with  a  long  lecture-table,  at  one  end  of  which  is  a  sink  and  pneumatic 
cistern.  Underneath  the  sink  and  cistern  are  two  gasometers,  which  are  to 
supply  oxygen  and  hydrogen  when  wanted  during  the  lecture.  At  the  end  of 
the  table  is  a  mercury  cistern,  a  flue  for  carrying  off  noxious  gases,  etc.  Back 
of  the  table  are  two  evaporating  niches,  a  blackboard,  etc.,  and  on  either 
side  cases  for  chemicals  and  apparatus  needed  for  illustration  of  lectures.  A 
small  hoist  connects  with  the  laboratory  below. 

"  The  seats  are  arranged  in  rows,  one  above  the  other,  so  that  the  view  of 
the  lecture-table  is  never  obstructed. 

"The  room  itself  is  exceedingly  pleasant;  it  is  thirty  by  fifty  feet,  twenty- 
three  feet  high,  and  lighted  with  a  large  skylight  covered  with  ground  glass, 
and  four  large  windows. 

"CHEMICAL  APPARATUS  FOR  THE  USE  OF  STUDENTS. — The  Laboratories  for 
Elementary  and  Analytical  Chemistry  are  supplied  with  the  apparatus  needed 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  study  of  these  branches.  This  is  loaned  to  the 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  37 

students,  and  may  be  returned  to  the  Laboratory  without  charge  if  not  damaged. 

"  The  Laboratory  has  two  spectroscopes  for  the  use  of  students,  and  when 
gas  is  supplied  every  student  of  chemistry  will  have  an  opportunity  of  becom 
ing  practically  acquainted  with  their  use. 

"  The  Laboratory  has  a  good  supply  of  such  apparatus  as  may  be  needed 
in  carrying  on  original  investigations. 

"  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS  FOB  ILLUSTRATING  LECTURES.— This  includes  a  set 
of  Hoffmann's  apparatus  for  illustrating  volumetric  composition,  made  by 
Geisler  at  Berlin,  a  Bunsen  battery,  induction  coil,  glass-ware,  crystal  models, 
collections  of  minerals,  diagrams,  etc.  A  set  of  furnace  models,  manufactured 
by  Schuhmann  of  Freiberg,  is  soon  to  arrive. 

"The  total  cost  of  chemical  apparatus,  including  that  for  the  use  of 
students  and  for  illustrating  lectures,  was  about  $8,000." 

COLLEGE   OF   MINES. 

55.  This  department  has  recently  been  organized  under 
the  direction  of  Professor  Ashburner,  and  its  plans  will  be 
developed  as  fast  as  the  funds  are  provided.     During  the 
coming  year,  Dr.  Becker  will  "instruct  in  Metallurgy,  and 
Professor  Hilgard  will  form  a  class  in  Mineralogy,  and  this 
will  be  in  addition  to  the  instructions  given  as  heretofore 
by  the  Professors  Le  Conte,  Rising,  and  others. 

The  geological  and  mineral ogical  collections  of  the  Uni 
versity  are  very  extensive,  and  are  now  being  arranged,  as 
elsewhere  stated,  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Hanks. 

LECTURES  ON  THE  USEFUL  ARTS. 

56.  In  connection  with  the  Colleges  of  Mining,  Mechan 
ics,  Engineering,  and  Chemistry,  arrangements  were  made 
during  the  session  of  1874-5,  for  the  delivery  at  Berkeley 
of  various  special  lectures  upon  subjects  relating  to  useful 
arts.     These  lectures  are  in  addition  to  the  systematic  and 
prolonged  instruction  given  to  the  classes  by  the  professors 
in  Geology,  Physics,  Mechanics,  Chemistry,  Engineering, 
and  other  branches  of  study.     Special-  lectures  are  open  to 
all  who  wish  to  attend  them,  whether  members  of  the  Uni 
versity  or  not. 

"  1.  A  course  of  Lectures  on  the  Useful  Metals;  by  Dr.  George  F.  Becker 
graduate  of  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  Berlin. 

"  Subjects  discussed— Metallurgy  as  a  Science;  Fuel,  Refractory  Material, 
and  Furnaces;  Lead;  Copper;  Mercury;  Silver;  Gold;  Zinc;  Iron." 
4 


38  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

Single  lectures  on  the  following  subjects: 

"  2.  On  Mining  as  a  Profession:  by  William  Ashburner,  Professor  of  Min 
ing,  University  of  California. 

"3.  On  the  Science  of  Mechanics:  by  Frederick  G-.  Hesse.  Professor  of 
Mechanics,  University  of  California. 

"4.  On  Industrial  or  Mechanical  Drawing:  by  John  D.  Hoffmann,  In 
structor  in  Industrial  Drawing,  University  of  California. 

"5.  On  the  Proposed  Improvement  of  Oakland  Harbor  (San  Leandro 
Creek):  by  Julian  Le  Conte,  C.  E.,  Oakland. 

"6.  On  the  Geodetic  Survey  of  Colorado,  under  Dr.  Hayden:  by  A.  D. 
Wilson,  and  F.  Khoda,  Officers  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  of  the  Terri 
tories,  Washington,  D.  C. 

"7.  On  the  Present  State  of  the  Art  of  Telegraphy:  by  James  Gamble, 
and  S.  D.  Field,  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  San  Francisco. 

"8.  On  Electro-metallurgy:  by  Dr.  A.  Kellogg,  San  Francisco. 

"9.  On  the  Timbers  in  Common  Use:  by  Professor  C.  E.  Bessey,  of  the 
Iowa  College  of  Agriculture. 

"  10.  On  the  Preservation  of  Woods :  by  I.  C.  Woods,  of  the  Wood  Preserv 
ing  Works,  San  Francisco. 

"11.  On  Coal  as  a  Haw  Material:  by  Professor  W.  H.  Brewer,  of  the 
Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  College." 

57.  While  prominence  is  given  to  technical  and  scientific 
instruction,  the  University  of  California  is  so  organized  that 
literary,  historical,  and  philosophical  studies  are  not  neg 
lected.  The  Regents  have  been  impartial  in  their  plans  for 
the  development  of  all  departments  of  the  University,  fully 
recognizing  the  responsibility  which  the  law  places  upon 
them  to  maintain  a  "  College  of  Letters"  as  well  as  "  Col 
leges  of  Science."  All  scientific  students  connected  with 
the  University  are  expected  to  devote  a  part  of  their  at 
tention  to  literary  subjects,  just  as  all  the  literary  students 
receive  instruction  in  the  natural  sciences.  Important  as 
technical  instruction  may  be,  the  State  of  California  can  not 
afford  to  neglect  the  study  of  man ;  and  its  University 
would  be  unworthy  of  the  name  of  university,  if  ample  pro 
vision  were  not  made  for  the  study  of  language,  literature, 
morals,  history,  and  art,  or  if  the  methods  of  accumulating 
material  wealth  were  represented  to  her  youth,  in  the 
highest  educational  institution  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  more 
important  than  the  methods  of  forming  character  and  pro 
moting  culture. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  39 

COLLEGE   OF   LETTERS. 

58.  The  College  of  Letters  now  offers  two  courses  of  in 
struction,  one  of  which  is  chiefly  based  upon  Ancient  Lan 
guages  and   Literature;    the   other,  upon   Modern.      The 
former  is  called  the  Classical  Course ;  the  other,  the  Liter 
ary.     The  Classical  Course  needs  no  explanation  here.     It 
corresponds  with  that  of  other  classical  colleges,  and  leads 
to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.     The  Literary  Course  is 
quite  new  in  our  University.     It  corresponds  during  the 
first  two  years  with  the  scientific  courses  above  enumerated, 
and  during  the  last  two  years  provides  a  liberal  training  in 
modern  languages,  history,  and  literature,  and  in  those  de 
partments  of  science  taught  in  the  University  which  are  of 
the  most  general  interest.    It  leads  to  the  degree  of  Bach 
elor  of  Philosophy. 

59.  Special  prominence  has  always  been  given  in  this  insti 
tution  to  the  study  of  the  continental  languages  of  Europe. 
In  this  department  there  is  now  a  professor,  qualified  to 
teach  French,  German,  Spanish,  and  Italian ;  and  there  are 
three  special  instructors  in  addition — one  in  French,  one  in 
German,  and  one  in  Spanish.     Every  student  who  takes  a 
degree  is  expected  to  be  familiar  with  French  and  German, 
and  he  may  at  his  option  pursue  also  the  study  of  Spanish 
and  Italian.     Special  students  are  received  in  these  studies. 

60.  In  the  Classical  department  or  college  the  Professor  of 
Ancient  Languages,  Mr.  Kellogg,  has  commenced  the  de 
livery  of  extended  courses  of  lectures  on  Ancient  Literature 
and  Archaeology,  in  the  illustration  of  which  he  is  greatly 
assisted  by  the  photographs,  diagrams,  maps,  and  coins, 
which  have  been  presented  to  the  institution  chiefly  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Howard.     The  pronunciation  of  Latin  according  to 
what  is  called  "  the  continental  method  "  is  now  taught. 

For  the  most  fruitful  conduct  of  this  department  (steadily 
increasing  in  numbers),  it  seems  important  that  still  more 
time  be  given  to  courses  of  lectures.  These  condense  the 
results  of  much  study,  and  bring  before  the  students  con 
nected  views  of  ancient  life,  literature,  politics,  and  philos- 


40  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5. 

ophy ;  topics  which  deeply  interest  the  student  of  the  an 
cient  world,  and  have  important  bearings  on  the  literature, 
the  thought,  the  government,  and  the  political  life  of  mod 
ern  times. 

The  Senior  Instructor  in  this  department  should  have 
time  for  courses  of  lectures — longer  or  shorter — to  each  of 
the  four  classes,  in  each  half  of  the  academic  year,  viz: 

To  the  Freshmen— On  Ancient  Geography;  on  the  Classical  Side  of  En 
glish. 

To  the  Juniors — On  Greek  and  Roman  Mythology;  on  Greek  and  Roman 
Archaeology. 

To  the  Sophomores— On  the  Latin  Authors;  on  the  Greek  Authors. 

To  the  Seniors — On  Greek  and  Roman  Literature;  on  Greek  and  Roman 
Politics;  on  Greek  and  Roman  Philosophy;  on  Linguistics. 

Three  or  four  of  these  courses  are  already  in  progress. 
But  to  carry  out  the  whole  plan,  involving  more  than  one 
hundred  carefully  prepared  lectures  each  year,  which  must 
be  freshened  and  renewed  continually  by  the  latest  investi 
gations  and  authorities,  the  lecturer  must  be  relieved  from 
a  larger  share  of  text-book  recitations.  He  now  has  eight 
recitations  a  week,  besides  three  courses  of  lectures. 

This  is  only  one  of  many  ways  in  which  the  instruction 
in  this  department  may  be  made  wider  and  more  effective. 
The  class-room  drill  is  all-important,  and  will  soon  demand 
the  subdivision  of  each  class.  One  of  the  Latin  classes  has 
this  year  been  reciting  in  two  sections;  one  of  the  Greek 
classes  so  recited  last  year. 

61.  In  respect  to  the  Literary  course,  the  following  notes 
have  been  made  by  one  of  the  chief  instructors  in  it  (Pro 
fessor  Sill): 

"  The  Literary  course,  inaugurated  at  the  beginning  of  this  year,  has  proved 
already  very  attractive.  Of  the  Junior  class  sixteen  are  pursuing  this  course, 
including  special  students,  making  nearly  a  quarter  of  the  regular  class  in  this 
one  of  the  seven  courses  open  to  them. 

"In  the  Sophomore  class  it  is  impossible  to  tell  how  many  will  enter  as 
Literary  students,  since  their  choice  is  not  manifested  till  next  year;  but  from 
the  number  who  are  availing  themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  make  up  their 
deficiency  in  Latin  (which  is  required  for  this  course),  and  from  other  indi 
cations,  it  is  believed  that  they  will  number  more  than  the  preceding 
class. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  41 

"  Of  the  Freshman  class  there  is  reason  to  expect  a  still  larger  portion  will 
choose  the  Literary  course. 

"  The  attractiveness  of  this  line  of  studies  newly  opened  to  them  is  indi 
cated  by  the  fact  that  of  the  whole  number  of  special  students,  one-half  are 
enrolled  in  the  Literary  course. 

"Some  idea  of  its  scope  may  be  gained  from  the  work  of  the  present 
term. 

"The  Junior  class  is  midway  in  March's  'Comparative  Grammar  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  and  Kindred  Languages,'  and  is  just  commencing  to  read  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Gospel  in  Corson's  '  Handbook  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Early  En 
glish.'  They  have  besides  a  weekly  exercise  in  Literary  History  and  Biog 
raphy,  calling  for  written  results  of  special  investigations  of  their  own.  Each 
week,  also,  they  prepare  and  read  an  essay  in  some  special  style  of  literary 
effort. 

"  The  Sophomore  and  Freshman  classes,  as  the  schedule  is  at  present  con 
stituted,  all  have  the  same  studies  (except  the  classical  students),  whatever 
course  they  may  be  expecting  to  choose  in  Junior  year.  Of  these  various 
studies,  much  less  time  is  given  to  those  which  look  toward  English  culture, 
and  the  Literary  course  in  particular,  than  toward  the  courses  of  Natural 
Science,  etc.  This  is  unfortunate;  especially  as  their  preparatory  training  is 
much  less  satisfactory  on  this  side  than  on  the  side  of  Mathematics  and  Clas 
sics.  The  Sophomore  class  are  just  finishing  Whateley's  '  Rhetoric. '  They 
have  weekly  an  exercise  in  writing  and  reading  essays  in  different  branches  of 
composition. 

"The  Freshman  class  are  about  finishing  Hadley's  '  Brief  History  of  the 
English  Language.'  They  also  have  a  weekly  composition  exercise. 

"  The  entire  Junior  class,  as  well  as  those  in  the  .Literary  course  proper, 
are  studying  Taine's  '  History  of  English  Literature.' 

"The  whole  Senior  class  have  a  weekly  exercise  in  literary  study,  with 
essays. 

"  It  may  be  noted  as  an  encouraging  sign  for  this  side  of  culture,  that  the 
students  show  a  genuine  appetite  for  whatever  English  or  literary  advantages 
are  opened  to  them.  Our  Library  is  visited  all  day  long  by  groups  of  quiet, 
earnest  workers,  whose  faces  as  well  as  their  persistent  diligence  show  their 
appreciation  of  what  has  been  done  for  them  in  that  direction.  The  compo 
sition  classes,  too,  besides  plenty  of  chance  indications  constantly  showing 
themselves  here  and  there,  speak  of  the  growing  presence  of  that  spirit  of  lit 
erary  and  intellectual  force  and  refinement,  which  the  world  over  makes  the 
English  '  gentleman  and  scholar.' 

"  What  we  need  in  the  English  studies  is  a  larger  share  of  time,  in  the  con 
duct  of  studies;  better  preparatory  training,  as  the  first  way  of  saving  time, 
and  more  books  in  both  the  Reference  and  Circulating  Libraries." 

62.  Arrangements  have  been  made  during  the  session  of 
1874-5,  for  the  delivery  at  Berkeley  of  various  special  lect 
ures  upon  historical  and  literary  subjects,  in  addition  to 
the  systematic  instruction  given  to  the  classes  by  the  pro- 


42  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

fessors  and  instructors.  Special  lectures  are  open  to  all 
who  wish  to  attend  them,  whether  members  of  the  Univer 
sity  or  not. 

Among  others,  the  following  lectures  have  been  an 
nounced  : 

"  1.  On  the  study  of  Modern  Languages:  by  P.  Pioda,  Professorof  Modern 
Languages. 

"  2.  On  the  study  of  English:  by  E.  K.  Sill,  Professor  of  English. 

"3.  On  the  study  of  Spanish:  by  C.  F.  Gompertz,  Instructor  in  Spanish. 

"4.  On  Schiller's  '  Song  of  the  Bell:'  by  A.  Putzker,  Instructor  in  Ger 
man. 

"5.  On  the  Crimean  War  (in  French):  by  G.  De  Kersaint-Gily,  Instructor 
in  French. 

"  6.  On  Scottish  Poetry:  by  Hon.  H.  H.  Haight,  San  Francisco. 

"7.  On  a  subject  to  be  announced:  by  Rev.  H.  Stebbins,  D.  D.,  San 
Francisco. 

"8.  On  a  subject  to  be  announced:  by  Hon.  S.  H.  Phillips,  San  Fran 
cisco. 

"9.  On  the  Literary  and  Scientific  Progress  of  California  during  twenty- 
five  years  (1849-74):  by  William  C.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  San  Francisco. 

"  10.  On  Gesture  Language:  by  Prof.  Wilkinson,  Principal  of  the  Califor 
nia  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  Berkeley. 

"11.  On  the  History  of  Explorations  of  the  Bocky  Mountains:  by  W.  H. 
Brewer,  Professor  in  Yale  College. 

"12.  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  Constitutional  Law:  by  Hon.  Stephen  J. 
Field,  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  Professor  of  Law  in  the 
University  of  California." 

MEDICAL   COLLEGE. 

63.  On  the  fourth  of  March,  1873,  a  communication  was 
received  by  the  Eegents,  'from  the  Trustees  of  the  Toland 
Medical  College,  proposing  to  convey  all  the  property  of 
that  institution  to  the  University  of  California.  The  gift 
included  land,  building,  and  apparatus,  and  was  made  in 
the  name  of  the  original  donor,  Dr.  H.  H.  Toland. 

This  unconditional  gift  was  accepted  by  the  Regents, 
who  were  thus  brought,  at  once,  to  the  consideration  of 
organizing  a  medical  department.  An  effort  was  made  to 
unite  the  two  medical  faculties  then  existing  in  San  Fran 
cisco,  but  it  was  not  successful.  As  a  preliminary  arrange 
ment  most  of  the  medical  gentlemen  who  had  been  con- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  43 

nected  with  the  Toland  College,  together  with  several 
gentlemen  appointed  by  the  Regents  from  other  parts  of 
the  State,  consented  to  carry  forward  the  usual  courses  of 
instruction,  without  any  other  compensation  than  that 
which  might  be  received  from  fees. 

64.  In  order  to  determine  upon  a  plan  for  the  organiza 
tion  of  this  department  on  a  permanent  and  satisfactory 
basis,  the  Regents  requested  a  large  committee  of  medical 
men  to  consider  and  report  such  suggestions  as  seemed  to 
them  wise.      Two  reports  were   received  from  this  com 
mittee,  but   neither  one   seemed  to  the  Regents  entirely 
satisfactory.     Both  left  the  medical  department  behind  the 
other  departments  of  the  University,  in  its  standard  of  re 
quirements  for  admission,  when  it  should  be  decidedly  in 
advance.     These  reports  were  received  and  laid  upon  the 
table.     Several  of  the  professors  have  since  resigned,  and 
the  question  of  the  future  has  been  referred  to  the  Advisory 
Committee  to  consider  and  report  upon.     Two  courses  of 
lectures  have  been  given  and  two  classes  have  been  gradua 
ted  under  the  authority  of  the  Regents. 

ORIENTAL    COLLEGE. 

65.  By  the  terms  of  a  gift  of  Mr.  Tompkins,  the  Regents 
have  come  under  obligations  to  establish  and  maintain  a 
professorship  of  Oriental  Languages,  especially  of  Chinese 
and  Japanese.     Letters  have  already  been  exchanged  with 
an  eminent  scholar  in  Chinese,  with  reference  to  his  accept 
ance  of  this  chair. 

66.  At  the  opening  of  Congress  in  December,  1873,  Pres 
ident  Grant  recommended  that  the   Japanese  Indemnity 
Fund  be  devoted  to  educational  purposes.     Subsequently, 
the  following  bill  was  brought  before  the  United  States 
Senate,  by  Hon.  A.  A.  Sargent,  and  referred  to  the  Com 
mittee  on  Foreign  Relations.     Its  purport  is,  to  bestow  an 
nually  the  income  which  shall  be  derived  from  the  "Japa 
nese  Indemnity  Fund"  upon  a  board  of  seven  trustees.  These 
trustees  are  to  maintain,  in  connection  with  the  University 


44  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

of  California,  "an  Oriental  College,"  which  will  have 
three  objects:  1.  To  promote  international  acquaintance 
and  good-will,  by  assembling  a  body  of  learned  teachers 
who  shall  inquire  into  and  make  known  the  languages, 
laws,  religions,  and  political  institutions  of  the  Orient;  2. 
To  afford  young  Americans  an  opportunity  to  fit  themselves 
for  diplomatic,  consular,  mercantile,  and  scientific  careers 
in  Asia;  and  3.  To  give  to  young  Japanese  an  opportunity 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  civilization  of  the  western 
nations. 

"A  BILL  MAKING  PROVISION  FOB  AN  OEIENTAL  COLLEGE. — Be  it  enacted, 
etc.,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
invest  the  proceeds  of  the  Indemnity  Fund  paid  by  the  government  of  Japan 
to  the  government  of  the  United  States,  under  the  convention  of  Siinonoseki 
of  October  22,  1864,  now  remaining  in  the  Treasury,  in  five  per  centum  gold- 
bearing  bonds  of  the  United  States,  and  to  annually  pay  the  income  thereof 
to  seven  trustees,  to  be  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  for 
the  uses  hereinafter  mentioned. 

"SEC.  2.  That  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall  appoint,  by  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  a  board  of  seven  trustees,  to  serve 
without  pay,  and  from  time  to  time,  as  vacancies  occur  in  said  board,  shall 
fill  such  vacancies;  which  said  trustees  shall  maintain,  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  California,  and  with  such  other  institutions  of  learning  as 
may  seem  likely  to  promote  the  purposes  of  this  endowment,  an  Oriental 
College,  the  object  of  which  shall  be  to  promote  a  knowledge  of  the  languages, 
history,  religions,  laws,  manners,  resources,  and  commercial  relations  of 
Asiatic  countries,  for  the  sake  of  increasing  international  friendship  and  inter 
course  ;  and  also  to  afford  American  youths  an  opportunity  to  fit  themselves 
foi  residence  and  service  in  the  Orient,  as  diplomatic  or  consular  agents  and 
interpreters,  or  for  private  careers;  and  also  to  afford  Japanese  youths  an  op 
portunity  to  pursue  their  education  -in  this  country  under  favorable  circum 
stances. 

"  SEC.  3.  That  said  trustees  shall  annually,  upon  meeting  of  Congress, 
report  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  the  financial  and  educational 
condition  of  their  trust." 

The  Overland  Monthly  said,  in  respect  to  this  proposition : 

"It  is  obvious  that  if  such  a  college  is  to  be  established  in  this  country 
there  are  many  reasons  why  it  should  be  placed  in  the  neighborhood  of  San 
Francisco.  Through  this  harbor,  in  all  time  to  come,  intercourse  will  be  main 
tained  between  the  United  States  and  Asiatic  countries.  Here  it  is  that  young 
Chinese  and  Japanese  students  first  arrive;  here  are  already  liberal  oppor 
tunities  for  them  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  sciences  and  arts  of  our  western 
culture.  The  University  of  California,  from  the  time  of  its  opening,  has  stood 


OF    CALIFORNIA.  46 

from  any  Stat"  ».r  "< mtry,  free  from  All  charge*  for  tnition. 
The  climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast  i»  more  favomM*  f.hun  H./.f  '.f  th*  Atlantic 
for  those  who  com*:  from  the  Orient.  A  knowledge  of  Japan  and  the  other 
countries  of  Aaia  is  especially  important  fo  t.hn  people  of  California,  who,  partly 
by  oteeftrity  and  partly  by  preference,  must  always  Mfetattf  clone  relation* 
with  the  countries  upon  the  opposite  shores  of  the  Pacific/' 

MA  NT; A  r,  TAMOR   A.VJ>    PECUNIARY  A88I8TAKCK, 

07.  One  of  the  best  cha™/  f<ri  sties  of  the  American  col- 
ICL'CM  M  the  hri n^ing  together,  on  terms  of  equality,  free 
from  artificial  and  convention;i,I  digt'mctiona,  young  men  of 
rlifr«f-.r<-,nf,  pc.cuniary  f;onrJitionH.  The  KOMH  of  the  rich  fm'l 
of  the  ricc.dy  trrow  up  Hide  hy  Hide,  n,nd  the  honors  which 
they  reeeive  from  one  ,'mot.her  and  from  the  faculty  are 
bestowed  witliout  any  referenee  to  the  home*  from  which 
they  eome.  ThlW  year  after  yefir  many  of  t.he  hi^h*-..^.t.  di^1 . 
t.ionM  are  hent.owed  uf»on  those  whose  Struggles  for  an  ("I 
u cation  have  been  carried  on  in  the  face  of  ext.rem*-.  poverty 
arid  sometime^  of  other  great  embarrassments.  In  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  California,  as  in  other  kindred  institutions,  the 
honors  of  literary  and  scientific  distinction  are  thus  bestowed 
upon  the  most  meritorious,  without  any  reference  to  their 
antecedent  training.  It  is  a  great  advantage  of  a  system  of 
puhlie  education,  particularly  in  thin  eountry,  that  it  brings 
together  on  terms  of  complete  *<  holastic  equality  those 
whoae  material  circumstances  differ  so  widely.  Almost 
every  college  of  the  eountry  h;j*  found  it  expedient  in  some 

way  or  other  to  provide  suitable  encouragement  to  young 
persona  while  pursuing  their  courses  of  study.  During  four 
y&ff  of  the  history  of  the  University  of  California,  there 
were  fire  scholarships  the  incumbent*  of  which  received  each 
an  income  of  three  hundred  dollars  per  year,  from  the  begin- 
-  to  the  end  of  their  eourse,  and  some  of  thernost  rnerit- 
Ofioos  scholars  here  graduated  owe  their  education  to  this 
ti  rncly  aasisUnee  ;  hut  the  change  in  the  law  effected  by  the 
Political  Code  abolished  these  scholarships,  and  no  such  aid 
is  now  gi 

68,  The  authorities  of  the  D  ly,  however,  have 


46  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

done  all  in  their  power  to  throw  into  the  hands  of  those 
who  wished  it  opportunities  to  earn  money  in  various  ways. 
Some  students  have  given  private  instruction  to  other 
students  who  needed  assistance  in  their  studies;  others 
have  been  employed  on  holidays  and  in  vacations  and  in 
their  leisure  hours  in  rendering  assistance  in  various  manual 
occupations,  both  in  work  upon  the  grounds  and  else 
where  ;  some  have  taken  care  of  the  buildings,  and  some  of 
the  heating  apparatus. 

69.  Another  agency  by  which  many  have  found  it  conveni 
ent  to  add  to  their  income  has  been  employment  in  the  Print 
ing-office.  The  Printing-office  was  commenced  soon  after 
the  University  was  removed  to  Berkeley,  by  the  purchase 
of  type  and  a  press  at  a  cost  of  $1,350,  which  was  given  to 
the  University  by  one  of  the  Regents.  Subsequently,  the 
Regents  appropriated  the  sum  of  $2,500  for  the  pur 
pose  of  expanding  this  office.  It  has  been  found  an 
exceedingly  convenient  part  of  the  apparatus  at  Berke 
ley,  and  has  been  the  means  also  of  imparting  to  many  of 
the  students  a  knowledge  of  a  useful  art  and  of  enabling 
many  deserving  persons  to  add  considerably  to  their  income. 
So  far  as  students  have  desired  work  in  connection  with  the 
farm  and  garden  they  have  been  allowed  the  opportunity,  and 
in  this,  as  in  all  other  cases,  have  been  paid  the  usual  wages 
for  their  labor.  At  the  same  time  it  should  never  be  forgotten 
that  the  scholastic  duties  of  the  various  courses  of  instruc 
tion  are  so  severe  as  to  task  all  the  powers  of  the  young 
men  who  are  here  studying,  .and  to  diminish  their  ca 
pacity  for  manual  labor.  The  ability  to  add  to  one's  in 
come  by  hard  work  while  pursuing  a  course  of  study  varies 
very  much  with  individuals.  Some  are  able  to  do  a  great 
deal  in  this  way  without  impairing  their  standing  as 
scholars;  but,  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  obvious  that  the  chief 
business  of  every  student  should  be  the  mastery  of  his 
lessons. 

A  Students'  Loan  Association  has  been  organized  by  a 
number  of  liberal  gentlemen,  though  as  yet  no  funds  have 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  47 

been  paid  in.     To  this  association  we  may  look  with  con 
fidence  for  aid  in  the  future  to  deserving  students. 

INSTRUCTION   OF   YOUNG   WOMEN. 

70.  When  the  University  of  California  was  organized  its 
doors  were  freely  opened  to  all  properly  qualified  students 
above  a  certain  age.     Young  ladies  were  admitted  as  well 
as  young  men,  and  the  invitation  was  freely  extended  to 
students  from  any  country  arid  from  any  State,  without  ref 
erence  to  their  race  or  condition,  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
advantages  here  freely  bestowed.     The  number  of  young 
ladies  who  have  been  taught  in  the  institution  from  its 
foundation  has  been  as  follows:  in  1870-71,  8;  1871-72,  27; 
1872-73,  39;  1873-74,  22;  1874-75,  39.    One  of  these  has 
graduated;  twelve  are  now  members  of  regular  courses  of 
instruction,  as   candidates  for  degrees.      But  by  far   the 
larger  number  of  these  young  ladies  have;  been  attendants 
upon  special  courses  of  instruction,  especially  upon  the 
lessons  of  the  professors  of  modern  languages.     The  scholar 
ship  of  those  who  have  entered  the  regular  courses  of  in 
struction  has  for  the  most  part  been  excellent,  and  in  some 
cases  has  been  of  the  very  highest  rank.     Among  the 
regular  students  the  proportion  of  ladies  who  have  been 
good  scholars  has  been  greater  than  that  of  young  men. 

THE   LIBRARY. 

71.  The  general  reference  library  of  the  University  is  now 
placed  on  the  main  floor  of  the  south  hall.     This  is  regarded 
as  only  a  temporary  arrangement  until  a  proper  building 
can  be  constructed.     The  reason  for  the  selection  of  this 
room  was  its  accessibility,  its  light  and  cheerful  character, 
and  the  fire-proof  construction  of  the  building.     The  library 
is  arranged  by  subjects  in  alcoves  and  in  cases,  which  are 
handsomely  made  with  reference  to  their  removal  in  the 
right  time  to  a  new  building.     The  library  remains  quite 
small,  but  is  an  excellent  nucleus  for  a  college  library, 
especially  in  English  and  French  books.     There  are  but 


48  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

few  in  other  languages.  The  nucleus  of  the  library  is  de 
rived  from  an  appropriation  by  the  Kegents,  of  $5,000, 
made  several  years  ago,  and  expended  chiefly  under 
the  direction  of  the  Library  Committee.  To  this  have 
been  added  numerous  generous  gifts  from  individuals,  the 
most  noteworthy  of  which  are  the  following:  A  collection 
of  cyclopedias,  and  other  works  of  reference,  from  Mr.  E. 
L.  Goold;  the  literary  and  art  books,  with  some  scientific 
treatises,  which  belonged  to  the  late  Mr.  Pioche,and  which 
are  for  the  most  part,  very  handsomely  bound;  the  library 
of  Dr.  Lieber  (which  was  particularly  full  in  works  pertain 
ing  to  political  and  social  science,  and  included  many  rare 
tracts  and  pamphlets),  the  gift  of  Michael  Eeese;  and  the 
professional  library  of  the  late  Dr.  Fourgeaud,  consisting 
of  several  hundred  volumes,  well-bound,  of  medical  works 
in  French  and  English.  The  legislature  of  the  State,  in 
1873,  made  a  special  appropriation  of  the  sum  of  $4,800 
for  the  increase  of  the  library,  and  with  this  amount 
large  accessions  are  about  to  be  made.  The  number  of 
volumes  is  about  12,000,  or  more  than  double  what  it  was 
in  1872. , 

72.  It  is  intended  that  the  main  library  of  the  University 
shall  be  chiefly  a  reference  library,  so  that  scholars  in  any 
department  may  be  sure  of  finding  upon  the  shelves  the 
various  treatises  which  they  wish  to  consult;  consequently 
permission  to  draw  books  from  this  library  is  given  only  in 
exceptional  cases.  But  in  building  up  the  reference  library 
it  is  necessary  to  keep  in  mind  also  the  need  of  supplying 
the  students  with  books  which  they  can  take  to  their 
rooms  with  freedom;  and  consequently  a  branch  circulating 
library  has  been  begun  in  the  north  hall.  This  circulating 
library  is  made  up,  in  part,  from  the  duplicate  books  be 
longing  to  the  main  library,  and  in  part  from  the  gifts  of 
individuals,  among  whom  the  members  of  the  senior  class 
of  1875  are  particularly  entitled  to  recognition.  Two  other 
branch  libraries  have  also  been  begun.  The  best  and  most 
important  books  pertaining  to  the  science  of  agriculture 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  49 

• 

have  been  transferred  to  the  lecture-room  of  the  Professor 
of  Agriculture,  and  some  of  those  pertaining  to  the  useful 
arts  will  be  in  a  like  manner  made  accessible  to  professors 
and  teachers  in  the  rooms  devoted  to  instruction  in  Me 
chanics.  The  gift  of  Mr.  Pioche,  and  the  gifts  of  other  in 
dividuals,  have  made  it  possible  to  begin  also  a  group  of 
books  relating  particularly  to  the  fine  arts.  In  due  time  it 
is  hoped  that  every  one  of  the  chief  rooms  of  instruction 
will  be  furnished  with  the  books  which  pertain  to  the  studies 
there  pursued.  Thus  the  rooms  devoted  to  modern  lan 
guages  should  be  supplied  with  the  best  dictionaries,  gram 
mars,  and  standard  literary  works.  There  should  be  a 
reference  mathematical  library  within  easy  reach  of  the 
instructors  of  Mathematics.  And  so  in  Engineering,  in 
Chemistry,  in  historical  and  political  subjects,  the  books 
most  constantly  needed  by  professors  or  students  should  be 
within  easy  reach.  Thus  the  main  library  would  be  to  the 
University  a  general  store-house,  a  place  of  resort  for  the 
professors  and  students  when  they  wished  to  prosecute  their 
studies,  while  the  instruments  needed  for  daily  service 
would  be  kept  within  easy  reach,  in  the  ordinary  places  of 
study  and  instruction.  It  is  proposed  that  the  room  com 
monly  called  the  Young  Men's  Reading  -  room,  or  Club- 
room,  on  the  lower, floor  of  the  north  hall,  be  supplied  with 
the  current  magazines  and  newspapers,  and  made  accessible 
at  all  hours  of  the  day.  It  would  be  a  great  advantage  to 
the  University  if  some  one  of  the  library  rooms  could  be  light 
ed  and  opened  by  night,  in  order  thus  to  encourage  the  use 
of  books  in  the  leisure  hours  which  are  at  command  of  the 
various  students.  Bwcfoft  Ubi 

73.  In  speaking  of  the  library,  special  attention  should  be 
called  to  the  fact  that  a  very  large  collection  has  been  made 
of  newspapers  illustrative  of  the  history  of  California. 
Among  the  extended  sets  which  have  been  given  by  various 
individuals,  the  following  are  noteworthy:  the  New  York 
Times,  the  Sacramento  Union,  the  San  Francisco  Chronicle, 
first  series,  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin,  the  Alta  California, 


50  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

• 

and  the  Herald.  It  i8  very  desirable  that  as  the  library 
grows  this  department  should  be  steadily  increased,  and  in 
other  ways  the  effort  should  be  put  forth  to  bring  together 
everything  in  the  way  of  books,  pamphlets,  periodicals,  and 
newspapers,  which  may  throw  light  upon  the  history  of  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

STUDENTS'  LODGING-HOUSES. 

74.  Upon  the  removal  of  the  University  to;  Berkeley,  the 
Regents  at  first  determined  to  do  nothing  toward  the  es 
tablishment  of  lodging-houses  for  the   scholars,   but  to 
depend  entirely  upon  private  persons  to  supply  the  requisite 
homes.     They  caused  advertisements  to^be  inserted  in  the 
newspapers,  and  announcements  to  be  otherwise  publicly 
made  to  this  effect,  but  after  months  of  delay  it  became 
evident  that  private  individuals  would  do  but  little  for  the 
supply  of  homes.     Efforts  were  made  to  form  associations 
for  the  purpose  of  providing  homes  or  halls  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  the  University;  but  these  efforts  have  not  yet  suc 
ceeded. 

75.  The  Regents  were  therefore  compelled  to  construct  a 
few  houses  upon  their  own  grounds,  and  at  their  own  ex 
pense,  for  the  use  of  students.     Eight  cottages,  each  of  them 
adapted  to  ten  students,  were  accordingly  constructed  upon 
a  convenient  plan  and  of  tasteful  appearance.     Volunteer 
clubs  were  formed  among  the  students  to  hire  these  cottages, 
at  a  rental  of  $300  per  annum,  or  $30  per  month  during  the 
year  of  instruction.     Each  cottage  contains  five  rooms  of 
large  size  (each  designed  to  be  occupied  by  two  persons),  a 
dining-room,  a  kitchen,  and  a  servant's  room;  a  bath-room, 
with  other  needed  conveniences,  was  also  constructed. 

These  cottages  were  rented  by  the  University  to  the 
clubs,  without  any  agency  on  the  part  of  the  Faculty.  Good 
order  was  required  from  those  who  occupied  them,  but  no 
attempt  was  made  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  control 
the  internal  management  of  any  of  these  establishments. 
The  relation  between  the  University  and  the  club  was 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  51 

simply  that  of  landlord  and  tenant,  the  landlord  claiming 
the  right  to  eject  the  tenant  for  any  misdemeanor.  It  is 
too  soon  to  tell  how  well  this  system  will  work.  It  was  a 
temporary  device  in  an  emergency,  and  was  based  upon  the 
experience  of  two  clubs  which  had  already  found  abodes  m 
cottages  at  Berkeley.  Thus  far  the  plan  works  well. 

RESIDENCES   OF   THE   PROFESSORS. 

76.  One  of  the  greatest  difficulties  in  the  management  of 
the  University  arises  from  the  fact  that  so  many  of  the  pro 
fessors  and  instructors  are  non-resident.     Such  a  college 
should  be  surrounded  by  the  homes  of  those  who  are  en 
gaged  in  the  instruction  of  the  youth  ;  for  as  soon  as  a  good 
neighborhood  is  formed,  other  families  of  culture  and  of  in 
fluence  may  be  expected  to  come  to  it,  and  all  the   attrac 
tions  of  a  college  village  may  be  secured.  But  at  present  the 
neighborhood  of  Berkeley  grows  but  slowly.     There  is  in 
it  no  school,  no  practicing  physician,  and  but  few  and  indif 
ferent  stores.     The  walks  and  roads  are  in  a  bad  condition 
most  of  the  year,  and  the  inconv  eniences  of  family  life  are 
great.    Families  hesitate  to  remove  to  Berkeley  until  they 
see  that  the  professors  and  others  who  are  most  interested 
in  the  work  which  is  there  going  forward,  have  became  res 
idents  of  the  University  neighborhood.     The  law  requires 
the  Secretary  to  live  at  Berkeley,  and  he  removed  there 
soon  after  accepting  the  office.  Three  of  the  Professors  have 
built  houses  for  themselves ;  two  occupy  cottages  belong 
ing  to  the  University,  paying  rent  for  them;  one  has  hired 
a  cottage  in  the  neighborhood,  and  several  of  the  young 
er  instructors  have  been  allowed  to  occupy  small  rooms  in 
the  public  buildings ;  but  this  is  all.     It  seems  to  me  of  the 
first  importance  that  measures  should  be  taken  to  provide 
homes  at  Berkeley  for  all  the  permanent  staff  of  instructors. 
I  do  not  pretend  to  suggest  the  best  mode  of  accomplishing 
this  result,  nor  the  best  positions  to  be  set  apart  for  such 
houses,  but  the  subject  is  worthy  of  the  earnest  and  imme 
diate  consideration  of  the  Regents.    Prior  to  the  removal 


52  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

to  Berkeley,  the  authorities  had  decided  to  construct  a 
number  of  houses  for  the  accommodation  of  the  professors; 
the  plans  were  drawn,  and  the  estimates  received,  but  it 
appeared  to  some  members  of  the  Board  that  the  Regents 
had  not  the  necessary  authority  to  take  this  step,  and  ac 
cordingly  the  proposed  action  was  reconsidered,  and  the 
plan  abandoned. 

PUBLIC  LECTURES. 

77.  Since  the  organization  of  the  University,  special  ef 
forts  have  been  put  forth  by  the  authorities  to  awaken  an 
interest  in  the  work  of  the  University,  by  means  of  public 
lectures  upon  scientific  subjects.     In  addition  to  the  volun 
tary  work  of  the  various  professors,  who  have  been  called 
upon  from  time  to  time  to  go  to  the  different  towns  in  the 
State,  one  of  the  professors,  the  Professor  of  Agriculture, 
was  instructed  by  the  Regents  to  go  about  the  State,  and 
deliver  lectures  on  the  subjects  to  which  he  was  specially 
devoted ;  and  for  six  successive  years  a  course  of  public  lect 
ures  has  been  given  every  winter  in  San  Francisco,  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  by  various  members  of 
the  Faculty. 

78.  An  assembly  of  the  students  of  all  departments  is 
held  on  every  Friday  afternoon— at  which  announcements 
and  instructions  of  general  interest  are  communicated.    The 
various  professors  and  instructors  in  their  turn  have  given 
lectures  on  these  occasions,  and  not  infrequently  gentlemen 
who  are  not  connected  with  the  University  have  been  in 
vited  to  lecture.     This  appointment  has  been  found  quite 
acceptable  to  the  friends  of  the  University  and  of  the  stu 
dents,   who  avail  themselves  of  this  opportunity  to  visit 
Berkeley. 

Among  the  speakers  not  connected  with  the  Faculty  who 
have  addressed  the  students  on  these  occasions  may  be 
mentioned  the  following : 

Hon.  Newton  Booth,  Hon.  F.  F.  Low  (late  U.  S.  Minis 
ter  in  China),  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley  (Canon  of  Westmin- 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA.  53 

ster),  President  Miner  (of  Tufts  College),  Rev.  Dr:  G.  B. 
Bacon,  Dr.  W.  P.  Gibbons,  Professor  W.  Wilkinson,  Hor- 
afce  Davis,  Esq.,  Professor  Bessey  (of  Ames,  Iowa),  Profes 
sor  Brewer  (of  New  Haven),  Dr.  G.  F.  Becker,  and  Rev.  Dr. 
Stebbins.  Several  other  gentlemen  have  promised  to  speak. 

79.  It  should  be  borne  distinctly  in  mind  that  it  is  not  sup 
posed  these  lectures  will  in  any  way  supersede  the  system 
atic  instruction  which  is  given  by  the  permanent  professors, 
nor  that  they  are  as  useful  to  the  students  as  the  instruction 
of  their  ordinary  and  regular  teachers;  but  that  while  the 
staff  of  the  University  is  so  small,  it  is  an  advantage  to 
strengthen  it  by  calling  in  from  time  to  time  gentlemen 
who  have  been  interested  in  various  specialties. 

FINANCES. 

80.  Although  the  administration  of  finances  of  the  Uni 
versity  has  not  come  under  my  official  supervision,  it  may 
add  to  the  completeness  of  this  report  if  I  submit  some 
figures  derived  from  the  books  of  the  Secretary,  and  the  re 
cent  report  of  the  Finance  Committee.     From  this  it  ap 
pears  that  the  total  disbursements  of  the  University  during 
the  year  ending  October  31st,  18T4,  were  $95,707.81,  of 
which  amount  the  sum  of  $64,094.96  was  paid  in  salaries. 
The  other  large  items  of  expense  were  for  the  development 
of  the  agricultural  grounds,  $5,784.13;  insurance,  $3,510.65; 
interest  on  Brayton  property,  $4,875.02.     The  income  dur 
ing  the  same  period  was  derived  from  the  following  sources: 
From  the  invested  funds,  $33,150;  from  the  annual  appro 
priation  of  the  State,  $25,193.80;  and  from  land  interest, 
§19,560.03. 

During  the  current  two  years — 1873-75 — the  appro 
priation  of  the  Legislature  is  as  follows  :  For  current  ex 
penses,  $50,000 ;  for  the  development  of  the  Departments  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  $30,000;  for  the  Library, 
$4,800;  total,  $84,800.  For  further  particulars  in  this  con 
nection,  attention  is  called  to  the  forthcoming  annual  report 
of  the  Secretary. 


54  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

81.  In  comparing  the  receipts  of  the  University  of  Cali 
fornia  from  the  various  legislative  appropriations,  since  its 
foundation,  with  the  receipts  of  other  similar  institutions,  it 
will  appear  that  the  State  has  been  exceedingly  liberal  to 
ward  this  institution,  and  has  enabled  it  quickly  to  take  a 
place  of  influence  and  power,  not  only  within  the  limits  of 
the  State,  but  among  the  various  kindred  institutions  of 
the  country.  Everything  has  been  projected  upon  a  large 
scale,  making  it  necessary  that  there  should  be  large  annual 
outlays  to  keep  up  that  which  has  been  so  liberally  begun. 
The  distance  of  the  University  from  a  large  town;  the  ample 
grounds  which  must  be  brought  into  cultivation;  the  laying 
out  and  grading  of  roads  and  paths ;  the  heating,  the  re 
pairs,  and  the  daily  care  of  spacious  edifices;  the  incidental 
supplies  of  laboratory  material,  stationery,  etc.,  all  involve 
very  large  expenditures,  and  these  expenditures  must  nec 
essarily  increase  as  the  years  roll  on.  So  again,  the  num 
ber  of  departments  in  which  instruction  is  given  requires  a 
very  large  staff  of  teachers,  and  this  staff  must  be  augmented 
as  the  number  of  scholars  increases.  As  no  charges  are 
made  for  tuition,  there  will  be  no  increase  of  income  from 
student  fees,  which  is  one  of  the  sources  of  revenue  in  other 
colleges,  and  as  the  University  is  at  present  organized  there 
can  be  but  little  hope  of  large  private  gifts  for  the  endow 
ment  of  the  University.  It  is,  therefore,  to  the  Legislature 
of  the  State  that  the  authorities  must  look  for  the  main 
tenance  of  the  enterprise  which  has  been  inaugurated  at 
Berkeley. 

AGRICULTURAL  LAND. 

82.  The  Committee  on  Education  and  Labor  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  in  Washington,  through  the  Chairman, 
Mr.  Monroe,  submitted  to  Congress  on  the  13th  day  of  Jan 
uary,  1875,  a  report  on  the  condition  and  management  of 
colleges  in  the  various  States  which  had  received  a  grant 
from  the  United  States  under  the  Act  of  July  2d,  1862. 
This  report  exhibits  the  amount  of  money  received  in  every 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA.  55 

State  from  the  aforesaid  grant,  and  it  shows  how  success 
fully  the  affairs  of  the  University  of  California  have  been 
managed  in  comparison  with  those  of  other  kindred  insti 
tutions. 

It  appears  that  the  institutions  formed  in  the  various  States 
have  received  the  following  prices  per  acre  for  the  lands 
which  they  have  sold: 

Alabama $0.90  Missouri- $1.84 

Arkansas 90  Nebraska 

California 5.00  Nevada 

Connecticut 75  New  Hampshire 535 

Delaware 92  New  Jersey 55 

Florida New  York 61 

Georgia 90  North  Carolina 50 

Illinois 70  Ohio 5436 

Indiana 544  Oregon 

Iowa 2.27  Pennsylvania 563 

Kansas Rhode  Island 415 

Kentucky 50  South  Carolina 725 

Louisiana 87  Tennessee 90% 

Maine 555  Texas 87 

Maryland 5357  Vermont 818 

Massachusetts 656  Virginia 95 

Michigan 3.25  West  Virginia 60 

Minnesota 5.62  Wisconsin 1.25 

Mississippi 90 

POSSIBLE    DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE    UNIVERSITY. 

83.  The  following  scheme  is  here  printed  to  show  the  re 
lations  which  might  easily  be  established  between  the  Uni 
versity  and  kindred  establishments  in  its  vicinity : 

A.— STATE  COLLEGES  AT  BERKELEY. 

1.  The  Modern  Sciences.— Faculty  of  Science.    Subdivisions.— A  select 
course  of  Mathematics,  Physics,  Mechanics,  Geology,  Zoology,  etc. ;  special 
courses  in  the  following  departments:    Agriculture,  Chemistry,  Civil  Engi 
neering,  Mechanical  Engineering,  Mining,  and  Metallurgy. 

2.  The  Liberal  Arts. — Faculty  of  Letters.     Subdivisions.— Ancient  (Clas 
sical  Course) ;  Modern  (Literary  Course);  Oriental. 

B. — COLLEGES   ENDOWED   OB  SUSTAINED   BY   THE   GENEBO8ITY  OP  INDIVIDUALS  AT 

SAN  FBANCISCO. 

3.  The  Useful  Arts.— Faculty  of  Industry.    (In  connection  with  the  Me 
chanics'  Institute  as  an  affiliated  institution).     The  sum  of  $15,000  to  be  ex- 


56  STATEMENT   OF   PROGRESS,    1872-5, 

ponded  annually  for  two  years  was  subscribed  by  a  few  individuals  to  inaugu 
rate  a  school  of  Mechanic  Arts;  but  the  proposal  of  Mr.  James  Lick  to  found  a 
Polytechnic  School  prevented  the  carrying  forward  of  the  plan. 

4.  The  Fine  Arts. — Faculty  of  Art.     (In  connection  with  the  Art  Associa 
tion  of  San  Francisco  as  an  affiliated  institution) .    A  School  of  Design  is  al 
ready  begun. 

5.  Professional  Schools.— Faculty  of  Medicine.    (By  the  gift  of  Dr.  II.  H. 
Toland,  a  Medical  College  building  has  been  provided.)     As  affiliated  institu 
tions:  The  California  College  of  Pharmacy  (in  progress);  The  California  Col 
lege  of  Dentistry  (proposed). 

6.  Faculty  of  Law.    To  be  organized. 

C. — ADVANCED  SCIENTIFIC    FOUNDATIONS. 

7.  The  California  Academy  of  Sciences. 

8.  The  Microscopical  Society  of  San  Francisco. 

9.  The  Astronomical  Observatory. 

Respectfully  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Regents. 

DANIEL  C.  OILMAN,  President. 


AND 


CO. 


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I 


